Let's start with offshore wind sites and marine spatial planning.
The sea is owned by the nation and the public.
It is not private, so it involves many stakeholders that
use the ocean space from the construction companies,
to recreational folks, and shipping companies.
Fishery managers, marine mammal advocates, coastal residents, recreational boaters.
And this is just a small list of some of the stakeholders engaged in offshore wind
and marine spacial planning.
Let me give you one example.
Potential noise impacts in communities, which could be related to offshore wind
here, citing an offshore wind site and land-based.
It involves various models, and it sets rules for
the distance between the wind turbine and the first communities that are affected.
They identify potential noise sensitive areas,
which are these three dots in this particular example of the project.
And they're measured in decibels or dB.
The decibel is a commonly used measurement in acoustics, and
it measures sound pressure levels.
So you could see, this is the result of the model in this particular
example to try and assess the offshore impact to the land-based communities.
Another interesting example in marine spacial planning is shipping lanes, and
the number of stakeholders involved here, which are different.
In this particular case, this is the project here, that's been identified for
the developer.
But it shows that a ferry crossing between one side of the country, in this
particular case it's the Anholt project, is crossing right over the project.
So this requires negotiating with shipping regulators,
to deal with safety objectives, and competing uses of the ocean.
In this particular case, the ferry route has to be rerouted around the project,
and the developer has to compensate the ferry company for this additional route,
which would use more energy than they would if they crossed over this site.
This involves siting limitation and
negotiations with regulators which can get quite complicated.
Land-based wind and siting challenges have different sets of issues.
Some overlap, and some do not.
These are usually not addressed in an EIA.
Like for example, community involvement.
It's very important for land-based wind because people live
close to wind turbines in some cases, and there needs to be two-way engagement,
not just in public hearings, that's one way, but two-way.
Close to homes and businesses is why we need to engage the community, and
also, every community has a different sense of place.
Where they live, how long have they lived there?
How does this change the environment, or
her backyard when this turbine was just one turbine was installed?
Could be quite important to this particular resident.
Then we get into the distribution of benefits and risks in land-based wind.
There's a long history in Denmark for ownership of turbines with cooperatives.
This is so that several farmers, or several residents, form a cooperative and
owned the turbines themselves, rather than a developer or a corporation.
Who has a stake in the project is what's important.
And how do we define stakeholders?