Current and future public health is characterized by the increase of chronic and degenerative diseases, corresponding to the worldwide ageing of the population. The increasing prevalence of these conditions together with the long incubation period of the chronic diseases and the continual technological innovations, offer new opportunities to develop strategies for early diagnosis.
Public Health has an important mandate to critically assess the promises and the pitfalls of disease screening strategies. This MOOC will help you understand important concepts for screening programs that will be explored through a series of examples that are the most relevant to public health today. We will conclude with expert interviews that explore future topics that will be important for screening.
By the end of this MOOC, students should have the competency needed to be involved in the scientific field of screening, and understand the public health perspective in screening programs.
This MOOC has been designed by the University of Geneva and the University of Lausanne.
This MOOC has been prepared under the auspices of the Ecole romande de santé publique (www.ersp.ch) by Prof. Fred Paccaud, MD, MSc, Head of the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine in Lausanne (www.iumsp.ch), in collaboration with Professor Antoine Flahault, MD, PhD, head of the Institute of Global Health, Geneva (https://www.unige.ch/medecine/isg/en/) and Prof. Gillian Bartlett-Esquilant (McGill University, Quebec/ Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne).
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Public Mental Health and Screening in Ageing
This module explores the topics of public mental health and screening in the ageing population for neuropsychiatric conditions and physical impairments such as hearing loss. This module is given by several experts including Emiliano Albanese, assistant professor in public mental health in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Geneva and the Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training in mental health at the University of Geneva; Professor Christophe Bula who is the head of the geriatric and geriatric rehabilitation service at the Vaudois University Hospital Centre; Professor Armin von Gunten who is the head of the university service for geriatric psychiatry at the Vaudois University Hospital Service. A quiz will complete this module.
Professor of Public Health and Director of the Institute of Global Health (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva) and co-Director of Centre Virchow-Villermé (Université Paris Descartes) University of Geneva and Université Paris Descartes – Sorbonne Paris Cité
Fred Paccaud (In Partnership with UNIGE)
Professor of epidemiology and public health and Director of the Institute of social and preventive medicine Lausanne University Hospital
Gillian Bartlett-Esquilant
Professor of Epidemiology and Research and Graduate Program Director and Associate Chair for the Department of Family Medicine at McGill University. University of Lausannne and McGill University
Amongst neuropsychiatric disorders and disease,
we are going to be talking about Alzheimer disease and
related disorders which means dementia in general.
And we try and give an example and a contextualization of
what screening may mean with respect to this disease.
So what is dementia?
Well, first of all dementia is not a normal part of aging and this is
a very important message that the World Health Organization
is been launching in the past few years.
And that's because some of the diseases are progressive in
nature and some of the changes that are observable or
perceived by the subject are somewhat
similar to what happens physiologically with increasing age.
Some of these are classically a progressive impairment of cognitive functions.
Amongst these, memory.
So, the difficulty in learning new stuff,
new information,
retain these new information and use it in the future is one of the major feature.
But in fact, other cognitive domains and
truly old cognitive domains later in
the disease will be affected which includes attention,
language, executive functions and all other forms of superior cognitive abilities.
Now, these are not all the story.
To receive a diagnosis of dementia,
these cognitive impairments should be sufficient in
their severity to cause troubles in everyday life,
in activities of daily living.
Whether it may be complex or not complex and at the beginning of the disease,
the impact of these mild disorders would not be sufficient to cause these impacts.
So, these functional impairment is a core component of the diagnosis of dementia.
Later on in the disease,
more psychiatric and behavioral symptoms become prominent and these includes aggression,
but at the beginning of disease, apathy,
depression and others of these and may or not be used for the diagnosis of
dementia because sometimes or most commonly they're
not apparent at the beginning of the disease itself.
In fact, dementia is a syndrome,
which means that can be caused by a number of diseases.
The most famous one is Alzheimer's disease and you may see
in this slide from the Alzheimer's Society that essentially we do know that
Alzheimer's disease explain the great majority of cases of dementia but
vascular dementia is also a cause
of the syndrome that is quite prevalent in general population.
And, there are others that are less prevalent but many
may argue that these slides in terms of how the proportion
of original causes of dementia are divided is not accurate or correct eventually.
The truth is probably that mixed forms in which Alzheimer's component,
vascular's component are present at the same time explain
or are or do exist and at the same time in a dementia case.
Overall, we do know a great deal about the neurobiology and
the damage in the brain that occurs at
a molecular level for Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
But, put it simple,
what we know is that as you see here in a comparison between a
normal and a brain of a person with Alzheimer's disease,
the latter is simply smaller and that's because it shrunk progressively.
So, dementia is always an acquired deficit,
is a form of acquired cognitive problems and is an acquired form of this smaller brain
because the neurons within
the brain are dying and they are reducing in number and this reflects
in the reduction and impact on its function overall.
Now, from an epidemiological point of view,
in the past 10 years there have been a huge effort at
international level to enumerate the cases of dementia in the world.
And we now have a very good evidence base that
shows us that first of all the prevalence of
disease doesn't change when it is calculated age
specific and education standardized in all world regions.
That there are not major geographic variations.
This in essence means in this dynamic picture that in
2015 the numbers of people with dementia by world regions were in order of millions,
8.2 in Europe and 4.7 in Northern America.
But you can see already now,
the majority of people with dementia live in Asia, in eastern countries.
What will happen in the next decades is essentially dictated by the fact that
population is aging in all world region which
is a good news because more people will reach older ages,
is a form of success of health in the past century.
But because dementia is strictly related to aging and because
the risk of dementia increases exponentially with increasing age after the age of 65,
it means the fact that it will be more people aged 80 years and more,
90 years and more and 100 and more will essentially lead to
an important increment in the number of
people that prevalence of the disease in all world regions.
So you see here in these dynamics that these will translate from the current 45,
46 million at a global scale in grey at
a bottom right to actually the more than 78 million people
affected and progressively by 2050 to
the astonishing number in the total amount in the world of 135 millions.
These calculations of course,
projections because we're talking about a future.
But the evidence based on which they are grounded is absolutely solid and it counts on
epidemiological studies that have been conducted in most of
these world regions using highly standardized instruments and tools.
So that we have the guarantee that we can make comparisons.
Now, the second notion is what are
dementia's impact on patients and families in general and therefore,
community and society to tell that the disease matters in the first place or not.
Well, this is a paper we published few years ago in
the Lancet that essentially demonstrates that amongst older people
in developing countries dementia is nowadays
already the first and most important predictor of disability.
In other terms, if we'd reverse the logic of this phrase,
amongst older adults who are disabled and need care most of the time,
one in four of them have dementia.
And, the fact that they have dementia is also explaining
why the impact on caregivers is an important component of the disease itself.
The caregiver are in most cases family members,
the spouse or children or the person affected.
You can imagine that a disease has an impact that goes very much beyond
the health aspect of it and to name just about a few,
you can think about the cost,
whether they are direct or health expenditure but also indirect
because the caregivers have to attend continuously if the person affected.
So, the implications from a public health perspective are enormous.
Now, this has been largely neglected in the past few years.
It's been called an elephant in the room and that's because
the aging of population is a major component as we said but also
because we have still a limited understanding of the relationship
of the disease itself as we know it in terms of neurobiology in late age.
So, why we know the least about the disease is really
about that part of the population that will be most
affected that is those aged 85 years and
more and these will be relevant for what we'll say in a minute about screening.
So, this is where we stand right now in terms of diagnosis in population.
You see here the list of the five main components on which we base our diagnosis these
days and essentially related to the preexisting and the underlying neuropathology.
So the damage in the brain and also the fact that
these may be monitored or observed with biomarkers.
Whether they are hot peripheral or central neuro-imaging or other sorts,
which are currently under development.
And the fact that the cognitive symptoms that characterize dementia can be and should be
measured or subjectively perceived with neuropsychological testing.
And again, on the disability as we said dementia is
characterized by a major impact on the ability to carry
out everyday activities like
dressing up or bathing and things like this but also instrumental,
more complicated activity like dealing with finance and a lot of things.
But of course the subjective impairment and health seeking is
crucial because we're not talking about a screening instrument in the general population.
We are sitting in our clinics and people have to come to us in the first place.
And this is an important element.
So the fact the subject perceive that something has changed and
that they have a problem is part of the definition of dementia.
We argue that with these five elements in place and well-known,
we now make a diagnosis of dementia.
Which is too late.
And the reason why essentially dementia is under-diagnoses in population is,
first of all, because there is still no awareness about the disease itself.
And it's attached to an important stigmatization of the person and the family itself.
And also because there are false beliefs about
the fact that nothing can be done to treat dementia.
And as you can imagine, this would prevent
people to seek help, importantly because they may think,
"Well, first of all it's not a disease.
It's a normal part of aging.
Second, there's nothing that can be done so why should I go to the doctor."
All these is rightly wrong but as you can see the numbers on the top right.
This is a problem in these settings.
Well, these settings in developed countries,
Western countries but also this is a more serious aspect in
the lower middle income countries where
the large majority of people with dementia currently live.
So, we argued that early dementia should actually be termed at
timely diagnosis because it's based on
the five elements that we went through it right now.
And that of course in the near future we all
would like and wish to have the possibility to make
a diagnosis early enough so that something that has not occurred can be predicted,
which is the principle of screening as well.
And, maybe the course of the disease itself can be altered.
And that's where it comes into play the aspect of screening.
Are we at a stage where screening for dementia can be
recommended in populations? No, we are not.
And the reason for that is the combination and the fact that there
are not out there disease modifying therapies that
can be recommended after the diagnosis is made but particularly because our ability
to recognize the disease in
its very early stages which is by definition what we do by screening,
is essentially too much in its infancy
and we are not able to predict a disease in the future.
That would cause strain and
psychological consequence of people who
are announced a disease which is tremendous and most feared.
That may be more important of disease itself and in
most cases some of these people may never develop the disease itself.
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Antoine FlahaultProfessor of Public Health and Director of the Institute of Global Health (Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva) and co-Director of Centre Virchow-Villermé (Université Paris Descartes)
Fred Paccaud (In Partnership with UNIGE)Professor of epidemiology and public health and Director of the Institute of social and preventive medicine
Gillian Bartlett-EsquilantProfessor of Epidemiology and Research and Graduate Program Director and Associate Chair for the Department of Family Medicine at McGill University.
