5.9 Gestion du cycle de projet

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Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

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École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Planification et Design de Systèmes et Technologies d’Assainissement

84 classificações

Désirez-vous apprendre à mettre en œuvre des solutions d’assainissement abordables et adaptées à différents contextes ? Voulez-vous connaître les derniers développement dans le domaine de la planification de l’assainissement urbain ? Êtes-vous intéressés par des exemples de systèmes d’assainissement urbain qui fonctionnent dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu ? Si oui, alors ce cours est pour vous ! Le cours débute par une introduction à la planification intégrée de l’assainissement et adresse aussi bien la planification à l’échelle de la ville que la planification dans des contextes spécifiques tels que les quartiers informels. Après un survol des différentes approches de planification de l’assainissement, vous aurez l’occasion de passer en revue les différents systèmes et technologies possibles, la terminologie et concepts clé, et comprendre pourquoi il est crucial de réfléchir en termes de « système intégré » pour la planification de l’assainissement urbain. Le cours couvre toute la chaîne de l’assainissement et fournit de l’information détaillée sur les systèmes d’assainissement adaptés aux contextes à faibles et moyen revenus (par exemple, des systèmes basés sur les fosses sèches, des systèmes décentralisés avec différents réseaux d’égout, le transport des eaux noires). Eawag-Sandec et EPFL offrent ce cours conjointement avec des experts en assainissement de la Banque Mondiale et de l’OMS. SERIE DE MOOC « EAU, ASSAINISSEMENT ET DÉCHETS SOLIDES DANS LES CONTEXTES DU DÉVELOPPEMENT » Ce cours est l’un des quatre cours de la série « Eau, Assainissement et Déchets Solides dans les Contextes du Développement ». VERSION ANGLAISE DE CE COURS Ce cours est offert simultanément en français et en anglais. Le nom du cours en anglais est « Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies ».

Na lição

Outils pour l’assainissement urbain

Durant cette 5ème semaine, nous allons vous présenter différents outils de diagnostic de la situation initiale et d’analyse des arrangements institutionnels et financiers, de changements de comportement, mais aussi l’approche de planification de la gestion de la sécurité sanitaire de l’assainissement de l’OMS et les diagrammes de flux des matières fécales (SFD). Certains outils font l’objet de nouveaux modules ajoutés en février 2017 en collaboration avec le Progamme Eau et Assainissement (WSP) de la Banque Mondiale, et ne sont disponibles qu’en version originale sous-titrée en français.

5.4 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain9:29

5.5 Changements de comportements dans l’assainissement urbain10:31

5.6 Outils d'aide à la décision pour l'assainissement en milieu urbain10:05

5.7 Gestion intégrée des eaux en milieu urbain10:13

5.8 Options institutionnelles et financières pour fournir des services d'assainissement13:57

5.9 Gestion du cycle de projet11:06

5.10 Financement fondé sur les résultats9:55

5.11 Systèmes d'égouts condominiaux14:31

Conheça os instrutores

Christoph Lüthi
Dr.
Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development / Eawag

Working within the project cycle Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems

and Technologies

Sanyu Lutalo, Isabel Blackett and Peter Hawkins, World Bank

– Water and Sanitation Program In this module we will look

at how some of the ideas

outlined earlier

can be applied in the context

of an urban sanitation project

or a broader urban development project.

It must be stated at the outset

that no two projects follow the same trajectory,

and there may be other

independently managed activities and documents

that can be brought into the project process,

as well as the project team’s accumulated knowledge

and that of their country counterparts.

This also means that not all the tools

will be needed in any given situation.

They should be seen simply as resources

that may be useful to decision-makers

and to those who prepare and implement projects.

This slide shows the steps

in a typical project cycle,

starting with identification

and the development of a project concept,

through planning and design,

to implementation and, finally, evaluation.

The lessons learned from the evaluation

should then feed into the design

of a subsequent project.

Some of the details addressed

in these different phases are shown on the slide.

Here is the table of how the tools

discussed in previous

modules might be applied in a generic project.

As you can see,

the various tools can be used at different stages

of the project cycle.

In the case of a project prepared in Lusaka,

for example,

the starting point was the preparation

of a Sanitation Master Plan for the city.

Such plans, however, often focus

on infrastructure development,

and normally propose the expansion

of sewerage at great cost to the city.

Even though areas that are earmarked

for on-site sanitation

may be identified under a master plan,

little consideration

is usually given to prioritizing

between them,

to identifying how on-site systems

will be designed and constructed, etc.

Moreover, the issues involved in creating

a fecal sludge management service chain

are also usually not addressed.

At an early stage in project development,

a fecal waste flow diagram,

or SFD, was prepared for Lusaka,

which highlighted that the biggest sanitation issue

in the city is, in fact,

fecal sludge management or FSM.

This is very important information

to present to decision-makers

and service providers in a city,

as they may be reluctant to engage with FSM

if it is a service that they have not formally provided before,

or if there are concerns about

how to implement FSM solutions,

how to cover its costs, etc.

There may also be prejudice against pit latrines,

which are sometimes seen as a dirty,

polluting or inappropriate sanitation solution.

Latrines are often poorly

constructed in rapidly urbanizing neighborhoods,

but the extent to which they pollute the groundwater,

as compared to septic tanks

and sewers which exert

a much higher hydraulic load of polluted water,

should be analyzed in the city in question.

Groundwater pollution from sanitation systems

can be an important consideration in a city:

by way of example,

Lusaka draws almost half of its water supply

from karstic aquifers beneath the city,

and so a groundwater vulnerability map

was prepared in order to understand this issue better.

The preceding information can then be combined

with the findings of the Urban Sanitation

Status Index which,

in the case of Lusaka,

was based on a geographically stratified survey

of about 1,500 households across the city,

in order to prioritize project interventions.

For Lusaka, the combined information

clearly shows that the largest concentration of poor sanitation

is in unplanned peri-urban settlements

which sit almost entirely over

the area of maximum groundwater vulnerability.

This information provided a clear basis

for prioritizing non-networked sanitation interventions.

The City Service Delivery Assessment

and the Prognosis for Change tools

can then be used to draw

out the key institutional constraints

and to develop a politically feasible roadmap

for providing sustainable sanitation service provision

under the project.

A City Service Delivery Assessment

was prepared in Balikpapan, Indonesia,

for example,

and highlighted a need for better management

of the downstream end of the FSM service chain,

and a more systematic approach

to the full service delivery chain

by the local authority.

Although the service outcomes were rated as quite good,

this was mainly due to services

provided autonomously by the private sector.

As a result of this information,

the city moved to develop sludge treatment capacity

and to oblige service providers to use it,

as well as to improve containment

and emptying in poor unplanned neighborhoods.

In the Indonesian city case,

these were issues which the SFD had identified

and the Service Delivery Assessment further highlighted

as not being addressed by the authorities.

The project design stage

takes the project components identified

and outlined in the initial conceptual description

and translates them into plans for infrastructure

and for developing the enabling environment

and the institutions

which will provide and oversee the sanitation services.

At this stage,

it is also useful to identify early interventions

that can achieve short term results,

as a means to further consolidate support

from the key stakeholders

and to thus gain further traction

for the project.

Insights into the political economy

and the potential for change can be very useful to inform

which early interventions should be prioritized.

The Service Delivery Action Framework builds

on the results of the Service Delivery Assessment

and the political economy analysis.

It is designed to indicate the next steps

in building up sustainable service delivery arrangements,

starting from the current situation.

These steps can then be translated

into technical assistance

and other supplementary inputs to be provided

under the project.

In the cities of Maputo and Beira in Mozambique,

for example,

technical assistance was provided

for a revision of the sanitation bylaws in order

to recognize and allow for the regulation

of FSM services

provided by both the public and private sectors;

in Balikpapan,

the authorities built on the Service

Delivery Action Framework

to move towards scheduled emptying.

The Intervention Options Assessment process

is an engineering process of comparing solutions,

and cannot be substituted by the use of tools.

However, by adopting a systematic approach

that takes into account the whole sanitation service chain,

technology choices can be matched to the specific challenges

previously identified,

drawing on technical expertise

and up-to-date reference material,

and validated with the responsible authorities,

service providers and users.

A key external resource for this design stage

is the material produced by EAWAG/SANDEC,

which clearly lays out in one place

much of the technical knowledge around sanitation

and fecal sludge management technologies.

As a result of having undertaken

such preparatory design work,

project interventions are identified.

In the case of Lusaka,

these include interventions to upgrade latrines

to make them easier to empty as shown in the pictures on the right;

to develop small-scale service providers

to empty latrines in unplanned areas,

and to install transfer and treatment facilities

to deal with the fecal sludge collected.

The tools I have described in this module

are focused on diagnostics and project preparation and design,

and are not intended to add substantially

to the implementation stage of the project cycle.

However, impact monitoring and the learning

of lessons at project

closure bring the cycle full circle,

and the basic diagnostic tools ,SFD,

USSI and CSDA,

can then be re-run

to assess progress made under the project,

how sustainable it is,

and what lessons can be taken forward

for the design of subsequent projects.

In summary,

the material we covered in this module looked

at the following aspects of the project cycle

in its different stages:

Identifying problems and risks,

identifying and prioritizing interventions,

identifying management and institutional issues,

designing institutional improvements,

designing the physical interventions, monitoring outcomes,

and evaluating the lessons learned to feed

into future project designs.

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