什么是组块？

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学会如何学习：帮助你掌握复杂学科的强大智力工具（Learning How to Learn）

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McMaster University

学会如何学习：帮助你掌握复杂学科的强大智力工具（Learning How to Learn）

896 classificações

本课程将介绍各领域专家所使用的学习方法，他们包括艺术家、文学家、数学家、科学家、运动员和很多其他领域专家。我们将学习如何使用两种不同的大脑模式，以及大脑如何封装（“chunks”）信息。我们还将介绍能力错觉（illusions of learning），记忆技巧，对付拖延症的方法，以及研究表明能帮助我们掌握困难科目的方法。无论您在所学领域是专家还是菜鸟，您都可以使用这些方法，改变自己的思维模式，重塑自己的人生。如果您是所学领域的专家，通过学习大脑认知的底层知识，您可以进一步提高自己的学习能力，您将了解反直觉的考试技巧和见解，从而能够更高效地完成作业和习题。如果您在学习中遇到困难，系统有效的学习技巧将帮助您将走上正轨。无论您希望学习什么内容，这门课程都可以作为您的指南。

Na lição

组块

本单元中我们将探讨组块这一概念。组块指你的大脑可轻松获得的一个紧密的信息包。我们将探讨你能怎样形成组块、怎样利用组块提升自己对学习内容的理解力与创造力以及组块能怎样帮助你在测验时表现更好。我们还将探索学习时的能力错觉、过度学习的挑战以及交叉学习的优势。

组块概论1:08

什么是组块？6:05

怎样形成组块——第1部分5:07

怎样形成组块——第2部分7:09

能力错觉8:31

Conheça os instrutores

Dr. Barbara Oakley
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Hong Chee Joo

[SOUND] In this video, we're going to answer the question.

What is a chunk?

When you first look at a brand new concept it sometimes

doesn't make much sense, as shown by the jumbled puzzle pieces here.

Chunking is the mental leap that helps

you unite bits of information together through meaning.

The new logical whole makes the chunk easier to remember, and also makes

it easier to fit the chunk into the larger picture of what you're learning.

Just memorizing a fact without understanding

or context doesn't help you understand what's

really going on or how the concept

fits together with other concepts you're learning.

Notice there are no interlocking puzzle edges on the

puzzle piece to help you fit it to other pieces.

We talked earlier about working memory and how

those four slots of working memory appear to

hang out in the part of your brain

right behind your forehead known as the prefrontal cortex.

When you're focusing your attention on something

it's almost as if you have an octopus.

The octopus of attention that slips it's tentacles

through those four slots of working memory when necessary

to help you make connections to information that

you might have in various parts of your brain.

Remember, this is different from the random connections of the diffuse mode.

Focusing your attention to connect parts of the brain to tie

together ideas is an important part of the focused mode of learning.

It is also often what helps get you started in creating a chunk.

Interestingly when you're stressed your attentional octopus begins to

lose the ability to make some of those connections.

This is why your brain doesn't seem to

work right when you're angry, stressed, or afraid.

Chunks are pieces of information, neuroscientifically speaking,

through bound together through meaning or use.

You can take the letters P-O and P and bind them

together into one conceptual easy to remember chunk, the word pop.

[SOUND] It's like converting a, a cumbersome computer file into a ZIP file.

Underneath that single pop chunk is a symphony of neurons

that have learned to sing in tune with one another.

The complex neural activity that ties

together our simplifying abstract chunks of thought.

Whether those thoughts pertain to acronyms, ideas, or concepts are

the basis of much of the science, literature, and art.

Let's say you want to learn how to speak Spanish.

If you're a child hanging around a Spanish

speaking household, learning Spanish is as natural as breathing.

Your mother says, mama.

And you say, mama, right back to her.

Your neurons fire and wire together in a shimmering mental loop cementing

the relationship in your mind between the sound mama and your mother's smiling face.

That scintillating neural loop is one memory trace, which

is connected of course to many other related memory traces.

The best programs for learning language, such as those of

the Defense Language Institute where I learned Russian, incorporate structured

practice that includes repetition and rote focus mode learning of

the language along with more diffuse-like free speech with native speakers.

The goal is to embed the basic words and patterns so you can speak

as freely and creatively in your new

language as you do in your native language.

As it turns out one of the

first steps towards gaining expertise in academic topics

is to create conceptual chunks, mental leaps

that unite scattered bits of information through meaning.

The concept of neural chunks also applies to sports, music,

dance, really just about anything that humans can get good at.

Basically, a chunk means a network of neurons that are used to firing together

so you can think a thought or perform an action smoothly and effectively.

Focused practice and repetition, the creation of

strong memory traces, helps you to create chunks.

The path to expertise is built little by

little, small chunks can become larger, and all of

the expertise serves to underpin more creative interpretations

as you gradually become a master of the material.

In other words, as you'll see later,

practice and repetition in building chunks aren't

all you need to become a truly creative master of the material you're learning.

Chunking helps your brain run more efficiently.

Once you chunk an idea, a concept, or an action,

you don't know need to remember all the little underlying details.

You've got the main idea, the chunk, and that's enough.

It's like getting dressed in the morning.

You just think one simple thought like, I'll

get dressed, but it's amazing when you realize

the complex swirl of underlying activities that take

place with that one, simple chunk of thought.

Next, we'll talk about how you can form a chunk.

I'm Barbara Oakley.

Thanks for learning how to learn.

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