2. The global context energetics (cont.)

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Photovoltaic solar energy

24 ratings

École Polytechnique

Photovoltaic solar energy

24 ratings

The course is an introduction to the photovoltaic (PV) applications in the general mix energetic context dominated by climate warming mitigation. The various uses of solar energy are firstly presented before a short description of the principle of the direct solar photon conversion into electricity (PV). The various PV technologies are reviewed in the current context dominated by crystalline silicon cells. The perspectives of the various technologies are then analysed in terms of R&D investments. From a more scientific point of view the basis of the solar cell operation is presented from the solar spectrum characteristics. The fundamentals of PV conversion are summarized. In particular the various sources of the conversion efficiency limitations are reviewed. The solar PV systems, from cells to grids, are also addressed, with a particular emphasis on the challenges of grid-integration of PV and the development of storage technologies. The environmental and social impacts of PV are compared to the competing energy sources. Generally PV is at advantage as referred to other fossil or renewable sources. Finally the fast evolution of economics and financing of PV is presented together with the current key players, mostly Asian companies.

Na lição

Photovoltaic Solar Energy

General presentation of the solar energy and the photovoltaic cell technologies in the global context energetics

1. The global context energetics6:02

2. The global context energetics (cont.)5:31

3. Solar Energy6:26

4. Solar Energy (cont.)6:00

5. Photovoltaic Solar Energy (PV)10:22

6. Solar Cell Technologies6:09

7. PV : Present Status and Future Developments9:08

Conheça os instrutores

Pr. Bernard Drevillon
Professor at Ecole polytechnique
Former Director of the Thin Film Laboratory at Ecole polytechnique (LPICM)
Erik Johnson
CNRS Researcher
Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM)

We previously discussed the global energy context dominated by fossil fuels.

Let us focus now to the environmental,

on climate change context.

This issue was the subject of the recent global conference

held in Paris in late 2015, COP 21.

The following curve, which comes from the IPCC,

illustrates a continuous increase of emission of greenhouse gases, GHG.

The annual growth rate exceed two percent since the beginning of the 21st century.

Energy represent 69% of the issue followed by agriculture,

11%, on industrial processes, six percent.

The carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuels, oil, gas,

and coal, represent almost the two-third of the overall emission.

Thus, it can be inferred that massive use of fossil fuels

leads to a major environmental problems whatever the level of resources.

This CO2 is distributed very unevenly in the world.

The gross of this issue is in part due to

the recent development of major Asian economies,

China and India as seen in this figure.

China became the largest emitter of CO2 in the world since about 25.

However, per capita, Americans are by

far the biggest emitters as shown in the second figure.

As you know, global warming is attributed

to the growth of the emission of greenhouse gases.

One of the key elements to consider is the stability of CO2.

Once emitted into the atmosphere,

CO2 can stay there for a very long time even a century.

We must therefore take into account the cumulative quantities.

The extrapolation of current trends GHG increase

above two percent per year will lead to an environmental disaster.

Temperature increase greater than three degrees in 2100.

Red curve, the scenario is much more proactive corresponding to

an increase of less than two degrees in both a sharp degree of GHG.

Bottom curve, this requires a break in

the power generation modes with a sharp decrease in the consumption of fossil fuels.

What alternative sources are available?

Global demand for electricity,

heat on total energy are indicated on the red-dotted lines.

Estimated of renewable resources correspond to the blue rectangles.

They are clearly variable note as compared to the demand.

In particular, geothermal and wind power can cover

the world electricity demand regardless of economic criteria.

But it is clear that the solar resource is by far the most abundant.

It is several orders of magnitude higher than

the global demand for energy and other renewable resources.

It of course remains to estimate the cost of energy.

This figure represent a realistic energy scenario in the medium term.

The current energy panorama is dominated by fossil sources.

It will always be the case in 2035 where they still

represent 74% of global production, gas overtaking coal.

The share of nuclear power should remain constant,

about six percent of the total.

Renewable energy, wind, solar is going strongly,

although the contribution remains rather weak,

six percent in 2035.

In the longer term,

2050, end of the century,

the share of fossil fuels should decline to

limit global warming as foreseen in the German scenario.

The share of solar energy should become

dominant in the second-half of the 21st century, yellow curve.

In summary, renewables appears very

promising in the energy on climate context of the 21st century,

especially solar energy which is by far the most abundant.

The use of this energy is booming.

We will discuss later the different uses of solar energy. Thank you.

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