More Cerebellar Learning

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Do curso por The University of Chicago

Compreendendo o Cérebro: Neurobiologia da Vida Cotidiana

625 classificações

The University of Chicago

Compreendendo o Cérebro: Neurobiologia da Vida Cotidiana

625 classificações

Learn how the nervous system produces behavior, how we use our brain every day, and how neuroscience can explain the common problems afflicting people today. We will study functional human neuroanatomy and neuronal communication, and then use this information to understand how we perceive the outside world, move our bodies voluntarily, stay alive, and play well with others.

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Motor Modulation

You should now have an understanding of how muscles function to initiate movements. However, the brain requires more than just the cerebral cortex to determine what movements to perform and to make those movements smooth and guided. This module, we'll explore the cerebellum and the basal ganglia, fascinating structures that play a major role in movement. You'll also learn how these brain regions are involved in motor learning and disease.

Cerebellar Learning and the VOR7:41

Extreme Vestibular Plasticity (optional) 3:30

More Cerebellar Learning6:20

Conheça os instrutores

Peggy Mason
Professor
Neurobiology

[MUSIC]

Cerebellum is, is amazingly powerful.

There are, there are many movements that we are

biologically destined to learn and, and for humans it appears

that we, we, we stand up and we learn

how to control our posture, we walk, and we speak.

These, every baby does this.

Every baby that has the appropriate parts will do this.

And, and this seems to be biologically determined.

Not how you do it but that you try to do it, that you

go and you try and get up and try to explore, that you speak.

That you utter words that you try

to communicate, all of these biologically determined.

But in addition, the cerebellum can allow us to learn new movements.

To invent new movements.

I can learn how to use chopsticks.

I have learned how to use chopsticks.

I can learn how to write.

I did learn how to write.

Many people learn how to write.

I could learn how to, to whittle a, wood.

I could learn how to carve stone.

So, all of these things are learnable movements.

I want to give you an example of

a a very interesting movement that has been learned.

This is work done by Amy Baston at John's Hopkins, and

what she did was, she constructed a treadmill that had a

split belt, so instead of having one belt that went around,

as treadmills do, this treadmill had two half belts.

And they both could go around.

And the person would walk on the treadmill, as they're both going around.

But then, she could actually change the speed of one of the belts.

And, what she found was that people change the walking speed of one leg

while keeping the other leg, going at the, the, at a different speed.

Remarkably, she could actually reverse the direction of one of the half belts

so that one leg was walking backwards and the other leg was walking forwards.

This is amazing.

So, why do we think that the cerebellum is involved?

Well, because patients that had cerebellar damage or

cerebellar diseases, there are inherited cerebellar ataxia diseases

patients with any cerebellar problems, could not do this task.

There's an interesting side note about doing this task for

healthy individuals that tells us something about how the cerebellum works.

And that is, if one thinks about, a healthy individual can do this.

Can, can move their legs at different rates, and even in different directions.

But if the person actually starts to think about it, it kind of screws up.

And so, that is, is, in fact, a common finding

that you, or a common feeling amongst athletes, amongst

performers even amongst us as we do complicated

movements, that we want to go on automatic pilot, we don't want to think it through.

And in fact, I think that there's a biological basis for this.

So the cerebellum has, as we know, the, the, the, these

different parts, the vermis, the paravermis and the lateral lobes.

This, the lateral lobes, are used for learning new movements and the paravermis

and vermis are used for executing them, making sure that they're done correctly.

The executing circuits that go through the

cerebellum, but then also involve the cerebral cortex.

These are, this is a closed loop, it ends up in the same place where it started.

And making this loop takes 20 milliseconds, that's a very short time.

That's a 50th, 50th of a second.

In contrast, when we learn a movement, we also

involve the cerebral cortex, but it's an open loop.

It ends and begins in a different place, and

moreover, it takes a much, much longer than 20 milliseconds.

It takes hundreds of milliseconds, or 100 milliseconds or so.

So, when we're on automatic pilot, I would argue that we're in this loop.

We're just going, going, going, we're not thinking

about it, we're in a part of cerebral

cortex where, where, it's relatively automatic, but when

we're trying to think our way through a movement.

We get into this open loop, things break down, it

doesn't go well and it goes slowly and it breaks down.

So, to use your cerebellum there are, there are two keys.

Number one.

Practice, because the cerebellum needs the practice to associate

the correct sensory input with the correct motor output.

So, practice, practice, practice.

Whenever you hear about athletes performers

students practicing something, they're using their cerebellum.

And the second thing is don't think about it.

Get to a place where practice has made

something feel automatic, then you're using your cerebellum optimally.

Great.

So, now we're going to move on to the basal ganglia.

[MUSIC]

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