Building a Digital Brain (Fingers to Gyri)

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Do curso por Duke University

Medical Neuroscience

1129 classificações

Duke University

Medical Neuroscience

1129 classificações

Medical Neuroscience explores the functional organization and neurophysiology of the human central nervous system, while providing a neurobiological framework for understanding human behavior. In this course, you will discover the organization of the neural systems in the brain and spinal cord that mediate sensation, motivate bodily action, and integrate sensorimotor signals with memory, emotion and related faculties of cognition. The overall goal of this course is to provide the foundation for understanding the impairments of sensation, action and cognition that accompany injury, disease or dysfunction in the central nervous system. The course will build upon knowledge acquired through prior studies of cell and molecular biology, general physiology and human anatomy, as we focus primarily on the central nervous system. This online course is designed to include all of the core concepts in neurophysiology and clinical neuroanatomy that would be presented in most first-year neuroscience courses in schools of medicine. However, there are some topics (e.g., biological psychiatry) and several learning experiences (e.g., hands-on brain dissection) that we provide in the corresponding course offered in the Duke University School of Medicine on campus that we are not attempting to reproduce in Medical Neuroscience online. Nevertheless, our aim is to faithfully present in scope and rigor a medical school caliber course experience. This course comprises six units of content organized into 12 weeks, with an additional week for a comprehensive final exam: - Unit 1 Neuroanatomy (weeks 1-2). This unit covers the surface anatomy of the human brain, its internal structure, and the overall organization of sensory and motor systems in the brainstem and spinal cord. - Unit 2 Neural signaling (weeks 3-4). This unit addresses the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal excitability, signal generation and propagation, synaptic transmission, post synaptic mechanisms of signal integration, and neural plasticity. - Unit 3 Sensory systems (weeks 5-7). Here, you will learn the overall organization and function of the sensory systems that contribute to our sense of self relative to the world around us: somatic sensory systems, proprioception, vision, audition, and balance senses. - Unit 4 Motor systems (weeks 8-9). In this unit, we will examine the organization and function of the brain and spinal mechanisms that govern bodily movement. - Unit 5 Brain Development (week 10). Next, we turn our attention to the neurobiological mechanisms for building the nervous system in embryonic development and in early postnatal life; we will also consider how the brain changes across the lifespan. - Unit 6 Cognition (weeks 11-12). The course concludes with a survey of the association systems of the cerebral hemispheres, with an emphasis on cortical networks that integrate perception, memory and emotion in organizing behavior and planning for the future; we will also consider brain systems for maintaining homeostasis and regulating brain state.

Na lição

Neuroanatomy: Surface Anatomy of the Human CNS

We now begin in earnest our lessons on neuroanatomy with the surface of the human brain, including a brief run through the cranial nerves and the blood supply to the CNS. In this module, you will learn the basic subdivisions of the vertebrate nervous system; however, your focus should be on the cerebral cortex. Along the way, you will be challenged to "build a digital brain" that should help you generate and improve your mental “model” of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain. Another great way to refine your mental model is through sketching and crafting, so please do the learning objectives that are designed to help you make visible (and tangible) your understanding of the cerebral hemispheres.

Lateral Surface of the Brain6:59

Medial Surface of the Brain5:52

Finding the Central Sulcus6:48

Ventral Surface of the Brain8:16

Building a Digital Brain (Fingers to Gyri)11:01

Surface Anatomy of the Brainstem4:41

Blood Supply to the Brain15:28

Conheça os instrutores

Leonard E. White, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Neurology, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Trinity College of Arts & Sciences; Director of Education, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences; Duke University

. My goal for this lab lesson today Is to

help you conceptualize the gyri and the sulci that define the surface features of

the human brain. When we look at the adult human brain,

it's hard to appreciate what is consistent form one specimen to the next and what's

different. This lesson is all about the consistencies

and once you conceptualize those consistencies It will be just a wonderful

experience to appreciate what's different from one brain to the next.

When you look at the surface features of the brain, the gyri and the sulci, we see

patterns and these patterns are analogous to the fingerprints on each of your

digits. Those fingerprints have standard patterns

for each digit, but in each individual of course we know that their finger prints

are quite distinct. Something similar can be said of the

surface features of the cerebral hemispheres.

There are in fact primary sulci and gyri that are present in every normal human

brain and then there are secondary and tertiary gyri that help to find those

distinctive. Qualities of the surface pattern in each

cerebral hemisphere. So, we're going to focus on those primary

sulci gyrus. And I think a great way to conceptualize

the organization of the cerebral hemispheres will be to actually allow you

to see how I place my fingers on the gyri of the cerebral hemisphere.

And i want you to imagine that my fingers are gyri and the space between my fingers

are sulci. So let's begin with the central sulcus.

The central sulcus is right near the middle of the hemisphere and it's defined

by two roughly parallel gyri. A precentral gyrus and a postcentral

gyrus. So, my index finger is representing and

overlying the precentral gyrus, my middle finger is overlying the postcentral gyrus,

and the space between my fingers represents the central sulcus.

Now, while I keep those two fingers there I want to demonstrate for you the

remaining gyral features of the frontal lobe.

And to do that what I'm going to do is place three fingers in parallel that are

roughly orthogonal to this central sulcus. So I have a finger down below which is

overlying the inferior frontal gyrus, a finger in the middle that's overlying the

middle frontal gyrus, and then a finger up on the top of the hemisphere that's

representing the superior frontal gyrus. So three fingers representing three

roughly parallel gyri that are meeting the central sulcus almost at a right angle; a

little bit more obtuse than a right angle. So now, let's look at the parietal lobe.

. I'll reestablish the central sulcus with

my left hand. So now, my middle finger is representing

the precentral gyrus. And my index finger is representing the

post central gyrus. And to conceptualize the parietal lobe,

all I need to do is place two fingers that are running again roughly at a right angle

to the central sulcus. My index finger is near the dorsal margin

of the hemisphere. We call that gyral formation the superior

parietal lobule. And my middle finger is just below the

superior parietal lobule representing the inferior parietal lobule.

The space between them is a prominent sulcus of the parietal lobe called the

intraparietal sulcus. Okay, now, let's move to the temporal

lobe. In the temporal lobe, just as we did for

the frontal lobe, we can conceptualize this lateral surface as being comprised of

three, long, parallel gyri. So we had three, long, parallel gyri in

the frontal lobe, and we have three long parallel gyri in the temporal lobe.

We have a superior temporal gyrus, a middle temporal gyrus and an inferior

temporal gyrus. And the two spaces between my three

fingers would be the superior temporal sulcus.

And the inferior temporal sulcus. Now, with this specimen, the brain stem

and the cerebellum are preventing me from conceptualizing the inferior surface of

the brain so I'm going to opt for an additional specimen to extend the

placement of my fingers to the inferior surface ff the temporal lobe.

In the second specimen I've removed the brain stem and the cerebellum so that we

can have a better view of the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

Now, I just showed you placing three Fingers along the lateral surface of the

temporal lobe and then to complete the picture of the temporal lobe I'm just

going to lay my additional two fingers right along two long gyri that we see on

this inferior surface. So now I've got five fingers on the

temporal lobe. On the lateral aspect I've got a superior

temporal gyrus. A middle temporal gyrus, and an inferior

temporal gyrus. And then, as we look onto the ventral and

medial aspect of the temporal lobe. My index finger is representing a long

straight gyrus that runs from the temporal lobe back towards the occipital lobe.

This is called the occipitotemporal gyrus. And sometimes the posterior part is called

the fusiform gyrus. And then my thumb represents a very

interesting medial gyrus of the temporal lobe called the parahippocampal gyrus.

In fact the knuckle of my thumb is sort of sticking out just a little bit.

Because indeed there's something that looks like a knuckle on this gyrus called

the Uncus. The paraphippocampal gyrus folds in upon

itself to form a really wonderful structure in the brain called the

hippocampus. And we'll see that in cross sections

through the brain. So five fingers on five gyri in the

temporal lobe. And now to complete our lesson on placing

fingers on the gyri of the cerebral hemispheres, I've got yet a third specimen

that allows me to work on the medial surface of the hemisphere.

But, to approach the medial surface, I want to begin again with the central

sulcus. And you'll recall that I defined the

central sulcus with two fingers on the lateral surface with the precentral gyrus,

the postcentral gyrus and the space between my fingers, they conceptualize

this essential sulcus. Now what I want to do is, I want to

reverse my approach to the central sulcus. And let my fingertips wrap along the

dorsal surface of the brain, such that my fingertips come together in the part of

the brain called the paracentral lobule. So now imagine that my two fingers are

fused together. That's the relation of the pre and the

postcentral gryi to the paracentral lobule.

So that portion contributed now by my middle finger is the precentral gyrus.

And the part contributed by my index finger is the post central gyrus and again

those two finger tips are two gyri fuse just above and in front of the branches of

the singular sockets. Now, the rest of the frontal lobe can be

conceptualized as having two long gyrate. The cingulate gyrus that runs right on top

of the corpus callosum and then the gyrus that forms the dorsal margin of the

hemisphere. This is simply the continuation of the

superior frontal gyrus onto the medial face of the hemisphere Now let's look at

the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is in this region of

the brain and it can be conceptualized as having two gyri that are somewhat parallel

to each other. The inferior of the two is called the

lingual gyrus. And this is a gyrus that forms something

like a tongue shape on the bottom of the occipital lobe.

Lingual means tongue. And then, just above the lingual gyrus is

a wedge shaped structure called the cuneus gyrus.

Cuneus is a Latin word that means wedge. Now, just in front of the wedge is a gyrus

that wraps around from the superior parietal lobule and this we call the

precuneus which of course would simply mean in front of the wedge.

So the rest of the medial face then is comprised Of an occipital lobe defined by

two gyri, a lingual gyrus and a cuneus gyrus with a space between them being the

calcarine sulcus. And then at about a right angle is the

precuneus gyrus with a space between the precuneus gyrus and my two finger tips

representing the occipital lobe is a long straight sulcus called the parietal

occipital sulcus. Now, you may not have a human brain to

wrap around your fingers but if you are fortunate enough to have access to brain

model I would encourage you to do this exercise.

Perhaps you can even make your own brain model out of modeling clay, or perhaps

even just with a round shape balloon that you can mark up and put your own fingers

on the gyri to help conceptualize the complex anatomy of the cerebral

hemispheres.

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