Optional video-On World Cycles 2: The Great Year Doctrine in the Middle Ages (1)

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Do curso por Universitat de Barcelona

Magic in the Middle Ages

642 classificações

Universitat de Barcelona

Magic in the Middle Ages

642 classificações

Magical thought has always attracted human imagination. In this course we will introduce you to the Middle Ages through a wide conception of magic. Students will have an approach to medieval culture, beliefs and practices from the perspective of History and History of Science. Popular magic, as well as learned magic (alchemy, geomancy and necromancy) will be addressed. Moreover, we will also deal with how eastern practices and texts influenced western culture. In July 2016, the course will contain a brand-new module devoted to astrology. Magic in the Middle Ages offers a captivating overview of medieval society and promotes reflection about certain stereotypes associated with this period. At the end of the course, the students: a) will have overcome the usual prejudices about the Middle Ages, b) will be able to analyze historical documentation from the Middle Ages and recognize the most common patterns of juridical documents regarding witchcraft, and c) will be capable of distinguishing between popular magic and the magic of the learned people; will have a notion of which spiritual practices were allowed in medieval Europe and which ones were related to the devil, and will be aware of the link between a cultural product and the society that produced it. This course is taught in English, although subtitles in English, Catalan and Spanish will also be provided. COURSE SYLLABUS Week 1. Introduction to medieval magic (Pau Castell). Week 2. Magic & Heresy (Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel). Week 3. From Magic to Witchcraft (Pau Castell). Week 4. Magic in Islam (Godefroid de Callataÿ and Sébastien Moureau). Week 5. Astrology & Geomancy (Theo Loinaz, Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel, Godefroid de Callataÿ and Blanca Villuendas). © Gemma Pellissa Prades (coord.), Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel and Joana Palau Mumany Magic in the Middle Ages by Gemma Pellissa Prades (coord.), Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel and Joana Palau Mumany is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Na lição

UNIT 5: ASTROLOGY & GEOMANCY

Medieval Astrology: Between Science and Magic5:57

The Melting Pot of Medieval Astrology6:10

Early Medieval Astronomy: the Moon, the Zodiac, Thunders and Dreams7:08

Horoscopes and World Events: the Doings of High-End Astrology6:37

Optional video-On World Cycles 1: The Great Year Doctrine in Antiquity (1)5:42

Optional video-On World Cycles 1: The Great Year Doctrine in Antiquity (2)7:14

Optional video-On World Cycles 2: The Great Year Doctrine in the Middle Ages (1)9:52

Optional video-On World Cycles 2: The Great Year Doctrine in the Middle Ages (2)6:35

Conheça os instrutores

Godefroid de Callataÿ - University of Louvain
Professor
Oriental Institute (University of Louvain)
Dr Pau Castell Granados
Research and Teaching Scholar at University of Barcelona
Sébastien Moureau - University of Louvain
Chargé de recherches du F.R.S.-FNRS
Institut Orientaliste (CIOL)
Dr Gemma Pellissa Prades
Visiting Postdoctoral Fellow
Department of the Classics, Harvard
Delfi I. Nieto-Isabel
BSc, BA, MA
Dept. of Medieval History, Palaeography & Diplomatics, Institute for Research on Medieval Cultures, University of Barcelona
Blanca Villuendas
PhD Candidate
Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterráneo y Oriente Próximo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

[MUSIC]

Hello again.

In the previous unit, we saw how the theory of the Great Year,

as mentioned by Plato in the Timaeus, was received in antiquity.

In this video, we'll explore the same topic further.

But now, we'll focus on the reception of the doctrine in medieval Islam,

and then in the Latin Middle Ages in Europe.

In Islam, during the Middle Ages, astronomy and

astrology were usually mingled with one another under a single designation,

'ilm at nujum, literally, the signs of the stars.

It is commonly acknowledged that by the end of the 8th century CE and

therefore, coinciding with the glorious reign of the Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad,

the signs of the stars had already fully absorbed components stemming from

three great cultures of the past, the Greek, the Iranian, and the Indian.

This assimilation was made possible

through an extraordinary movement of translation.

A movement which has possibly no equivalent in history.

For about two centuries, in Baghdad and in many other places of

the Arab Muslim world, an astonishing number of scientific and

philosophical works originally written in Greek but

also in Persian and Sanskrit, were translated into Arabic.

And made available to the intellectuals of the time.

Among these scientists, special note should be made of Abu Mashar al Balkhi,

called Albumasar in the Latin tradition.

His influence upon astrology in the Middle Ages,

whether in the East or in the Latin West, remained unparalleled.

In particular, Abu Ma'shar was the author of various works of historical or

mundane astrology.

The aim of these works was to account for

the influence of great planetary conjunctions and

millennial periods on large areas and communities of people in this world.

Curiously enough, one of these books the Kitab al Uluf,

the book of thousands, mentioned several Indian astronomical

systems that incorporate the doctrine of the Great Year

in very much the same sense as Plato in the Timaeus.

These systems differ from one another in the measurement of the great cycle,

which ranges from 180,000 years to 4.32

billion years, according to the system used.

But they all postulate that the beginning of the present

cycle took place in the year 3,101 BCE.

And that it was marked by a universal flood, as well as by the conjunction of

all the planets in the first degree of the zodiac, or the zodiacal signs of Aries.

In his masterly reconstruction of Abu Ma'shar's lost treatise,

David Pingree situates the direct provenance of these astronomical

speculations in the Brahmasphutasiddhanta.

A treatise written by the Indian astronomer Brahmagupta

in the year 628 of the Common Era.

Brahmagupta, in turn, may well have taken out these materials from Aryabhata,

who lived one century before and is often regarded as the first

major astronomer and mathematician in the Classical period in India.

In their astrological epistle on cycles and revolutions,

the 10th century group of thinkers known as Ikhwan al Safa, Brethren of Purity,

also explicitly attribute to the Indians, the origin of the conjunctional

Great Year with an alignment of all the planets in the first degree of Aries.

In this case, however, the periodicity of the cycle is mentioned as 360,000 years.

Interestingly enough, in another of their epistles,

the Ikhwan also report an Indian fable or allegory designed to illustrate,

rather as we did with the clock example in the previous unit,

the problem of the conjunctional Great Year.

Or in other words,

the way to find the least common multiple of the planetary revolutions.

They do this by taking the example of seven men who are asked to run

around the walls of a circular city, each at his own speed.

The reader is asked to calculate the number of revolutions

each one will perform, before they all come back together to the starting line.

It was, no doubt, a very nice attempt to explain the mechanism of the Great Year.

But unfortunately for our authors, who were clearly not experienced in

mathematics, the values provided by the calculation led them to a wrong result.

In the history of the Great Year doctrine, medieval Islam also had its

share of confusions and distortions of the original concept.

The most serious of these is undoubtedly the amalgamation of our conjunctional

Great Year with another great cycle of the world,

technically called the cycle of equinoctial precession.

It is impossible to determine exactly when this amalgamation of theories took place.

But what is certain is that it already appears in the work of the astronomer

Farghani, the Alfraganus of the Latin tradition,

who was also active during the 9th century.

But what is the equinoctial procession?

Well, in the 2nd century BCE, it was discovered,

presumably by the Greek Astronomer Hipparchus,

that the axis of the Earth is not absolutely fixed in space.

Rather, it slowly rotates like a spinning top around the poles of the ecliptic.

The ecliptic being the circle representing the sun's apparent path during the year.

Likewise, the vernal point, that is,

the point of intersection between the ecliptic and the celestial equator,

moves at the same speed along the ecliptic with a retrograde motion.

This movement has immense implications,

since it affects the coordinates of all stars.

And it was called equinoctial precession because it brings, every year, an adriance

vernal equinox from east to west, through the stars of the zodiac signs.

It was also in order to account for this movement of precession

that many astronomers began to introduce into their system,

a ninth sphere, a sphere without stars,

in addition to the starry sphere, and to the seven planetary spheres.

We do not know the value assigned by Hipparchus to the processional cycle,

since his work has been lost.

But we do possess the estimate provided in the 2nd century C.E.

by Ptolemy, in his famous Almagest.

Ptolemy's estimate was 36 seconds of arc per year.

Or 1 degree in 100 years, which comes to a complete revolution in 36,000 years.

Owing to the incomparable authority of the Almagest as a model of theoretical

astronomy, this value of 36,000 years became the canonical figure for

the movement of precession during most of the Middle Ages.

It goes without saying,

that from a strictly astronomical point of view, the movement of precession and

the doctrine of the Great Year, have absolutely nothing to do with one another.

The latter involves all the heavenly spheres.

Whereas the equinoxal precession is involved with only one of them,

namely the stratosphere.

But since these two periods could both be regarded in some way

as the greatest cycle of the universe, we may perhaps understand

the reason why these two theories were confused with one another.

The confusion may well have been facilitated by the close resemblance of

the values attached to each cycle.

36,000 years for the precession, and as we have seen with the Ikhwan al-Safa,

360,000 years for the conjunctional Great Year.

I shall develop this a little further in another video.

[MUSIC]

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