Neste curso, você conhecerá os princípios fundamentais da macroeconomia geralmente ensinados em cursos trimestrais ou semestrais para alunos de graduação ou MBA. E, talvez mais importante ainda, você também aprenderá a aplicar esses princípios a uma grande variedade de situações, tanto de sua vida particular quanto profissional. Assim, o Poder da Macroeconomia vai ajudá-lo a ser bem-sucedido em um ambiente globalizado e cada vez mais competitivo. This is a translated version. To join the original English version, please visit this page https://www.coursera.org/learn/principles-of-macroeconomics
Os quatro elementos do desenvolvimento
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Do curso por University of California, Irvine
O Poder da Macroeconomia: Princípios da Economia no Mundo Real (em Português)
182 classificações
University of California, Irvine
182 classificações
Na lição
A economia dos países em desenvolvimento
Conheça os instrutores
Dr. Peter NavarroProfessor
Paul Merage School of Business
[MUSIC].
Welcome to The Power of Macroeconomics.
>> While much of the focus of our macroeconomics
studies has been on the major industrialized nations of the
world, we are going to turn our attention now
to the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
>> Home to about three fourth of the world population.
>> Begin, let's explain what we mean by a developing country.
>> Some textbooks prefer the term less developed country,
or LDC while others simply say developing country or DVC.
>> Regardless, the most important characteristic of developing countries,
is that the people have low per capita incomes.
>> In addition, people in developing countries usually have
poor health and a short life expectancy, suffer from
malnutrition, and have low levels of literacy.
>> To put a human face on this, put yourself now in the shoes of a typical 25
year-old in a low income country such as Mali, India or Bangladesh.
>> Your annual income barely averages $500.
>> Your life expectancy is 4 5th that of the average person in an advanced country.
>> And already, two of your brothers
and sisters have died before reaching adulthood.
>> You can barely read and you work very long hours in the fields without the
benefit of machinery, and with but 1 60th
of the horsepower of a prosperous North American worker.
>> At night you sleep on a mat in a one-room
room house, along with your parents and grand parents and five children.
>> Your house has
no electricity, indoor toilet or fresh water supply.
>> You have little household furniture, perhaps a table and a radio.
>> Your only mode of transportation is an old pair of boots while despite much
sickness in your village, qualified doctors are far
away tending to the needs of wealthier families.
>> You and your fellow citizens in the 40 poorest countries, constitute 55%
of the world's population, but must divide among each other only 4% of world income.
>> You're often hungry and the food you eat is mainly roughage or
rice, you have little or no hope of ever seeing your life improve.
>> This is a grim life indeed.
>> Now let's take a more systematic look at this problem.
>> Let's start with this table, which shows the stark disparity
in wealth among the nations of the world.
>> Here, we see that the richest 20% of the world's population captures
almost 83% of its income, while the poorest 20% earns less than 2%.
>> To understand why some countries reach their potential while others fail,
we need to look more systematically now at the process of economic development.
>> Recall in our
lesson on economic growth, we learned that productivity in growth in the
modernized industrialized economies depend on four major supply side factors.
>> Human resources, natural resources, capital formation and technology.
>> Let's see now how each of these factors operates in developing countries.
>> Let's start with human resources, and here we have
two dimensions.
>> The quantity of labour, and it's quality.
>> On the quantity issue because of rapid population growth, many
poor countries are forever running hard just to stay in place.
>> The problem is that even as a poor nation's GDP rises, so too does its
population, so that many developing countries are never
able to escape the Malthusian trap of high birth
rates and stagnant incomes.
>> This table and chart help put
this population problem in its appropriate global perspective.
>> The table on the left shows how birth rates in developing countries
like Pakistan, Venezuela, and Kenya are more than twice that of the United States.
>> Now take a look at the right hand figure.
>> How much is the world population is expected to grow over the
next century?
>> And, in which category of countries will the bulk of this growth occur.
>> You can see that world population is expected to double over the next century.
>> More importantly, as the brown and
pink portions of the figure indicate, most of
this increase is expected to come in the
low and middle income countries of the world.
>> However, with such high birth rates, it will be extremely
hard for poor countries to throw off their chains of poverty.
>> So what strategies might be adopted to address overpopulation?
>> One such strategy is to try and directly control
that growth, even when such actions run against prevailing religious norms.
>> For example some Catholic countries in Latin
America have introduced educational campaigns, and subsidized birth
control despite church doctrine.
>> In Asia, China has been particularly
forceful in curbing population growth by putting
tight quotas on the number of births,
and imposing economic penalties, and mandatory sterilization.
>> On those who violate their baby quota.
>> Note however, that some experts hold a
view contrary to the traditional one that population growth
can only be controlled directly.
>> This demographic transition view holds that, rising income first
must be achieved before slower population growth can be achieved.
>> It is an interesting argument that
based in large part on micro economic reasoning.
>> The idea is that there are both marginal
costs and marginal benefits associated with having another child.
>> In the developing countries,
the marginal benefits are relatively large, because
the extra child becomes an extra worker
to support the family and a safety net for parents in their senior years.
>> However, in the wealthier, industrialized nations, the
marginal cost of children is much greater than in
the developing countries, because of the high costs
of things like health care, day care and education.
>> The same time, in the
industrialized nations, there is a government
safety net for senior citizens, in the
form of retirement and healthcare programs, so
children as retirement insurance are less necessary.
>> Thus, in this demographic transition view, as a
country industrializes, people will choose to have fewer children.
>> Indeed in countries like Mexico, South Korea and Taiwan, we have seen birth
rates drop sharply as their incomes
rose and their populations receive more education.
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