[MUSIC] The system of courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation consists of Magistrates, District courts, and the Supreme courts of the Russian Federation's constituent entities. Magistrates are the lowest level in this system. On the one hand, magistrate is an office held by a judge. On the other hand, it's a court in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. A magistrate administers justice within that judicial subdistrict. Judicial subdistricts are formed within judicial districts on the basis of population size. There should be from 15 to 23,000 people in each judicial subdistrict. Districts courts are formed within judicial districts. Within constituent entities, the supreme courts of their constituent entities of the Russian Federation are formed. They are the highest level in this system. As regards jurisdiction, courts of general jurisdiction deal with a wide range of cases. First, courts of general jurisdiction hear civil law cases. In those, at least one of the parties is an individual, except for cases that are exclusively heard by arbitrazh courts. We considered those cases in the previous video. So we can say courts of general jurisdiction deal with non-commercial civil law disputes. The most typical civil law dispute a businessman may be involved is that dispute concerning consumers rights protection. Second, courts of general jurisdiction hear family disputes. For example, divorce cases, disputes on son and children, and splitting of spouse's common property, and some others. Third, courts in general jurisdiction hear cases in labor law. The most typical dispute a businessman may be involved is a case where, for example, an employee applies to court in case of illegal firing. In this case, a businessman is considered as a defendant. Then, the courts of general jurisdiction hear administrative offenses cases of violated or disputed rights, freedoms, and legally protected interests, except for cases that are heard by arbitrazh courts. We also considered them in the previous video. The most typical administrative law cases in those businessmen may participate are business suspension cases as a form of administrative liability. Then, courts of general jurisdiction hear all criminal offense cases. And finally, courts of general jurisdictions hear appeals against acts and actions of public borders, violation rights and freedoms of individuals. The dispute resolution procedure in courts of general jurisdiction, is determined by the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation. This procedure includes four levels, Trial court, Court of appeal, Court of cassation appeal, and Court of supervisory appeal. The particular court that hears a particular case depends on the category of the case. With level of reviews available for a party, and their sequence have been uniform. Each next level of review is possible only the previous level has been passed. Normally a claim is applied to the court at the defendant place of residence or location. But this rule has some exceptions, for example consumers claims against employees personal injury claims may be applied to court and the plaintiff's place of residence. All documents may be submitted to court in paper or electronically, including electronic form of document signed with electronic signature as is regulated by Russian law. Most claims are held at the first level by magistrates or district courts. But there are certain disputes those are held by the supreme courts of the Russian Federation constituent entities. Judgement of a trial court may be appealed within one month of being issued, otherwise it comes into force. A court of appeal reviews a judgement on the grounds stated in the appeal. The decision of court of appeal comes into force immediately. And it may be appealed with a relevant lower court decision to the court of cassation appeal within six months of becoming effective. A court of cassation appeal may only set aside a modified court resolution when it find material violation of procedural law or substantive law that have defected the outcome of a case. Decision of a court of cassation appeal becomes effective immediately. And may be appealed with their court of cassation appeal one more time at the higher division of the court of cassation appeal, the presidium of supreme court of constituent entity. Thus, strictly speaking, there are two levels of cassation appeal in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. The decision of the court of cassation appeal may be appealed to a panel of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation within six months of being effective. Certain courts acts may be appealed to the presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation at the court of supervisory appeal. A resolution issued by the presidium of the supreme court upon reviewing the supervisory appeal may not be further appealed.
