The system of Arbitrazh court and the Russian Federation consists of Arbitrazh courts of the constituent entities, appeal arbitrage courts, and federal districts Arbitrazh courts. Arbitrazh courts or the constituent entities are the lowest level of this system. Those courts are formed within their constituent entities with some exceptions. So, there are 83 arbitrazh courts of constituent entities in the Russian Federation. Appeal arbitrazh courts are the next level of this system. They're 21. The highest level of this system are federal district arbitrazh courts. Those are formed within federal districts, thus include several constituent entities. In the system of arbitrazh courts in the Russian Federation, there is a specialized court dealing with the intellectual property rights. This is the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. It's a trial court in disputes over establishment and validity of intellectual property rights, as well as on challenges to regulatory and non-regulatory acts in the intellectual property fails. The decision that is issued by this court is effective immediately and maybe appealed to the procedure or the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. The Court of Intellectual Property Rights is also entitled to review the decisions of federal districts arbitrazh courts and arbitrazh courts of constituent entities in the field of intellectual property rights. Those decisions are reviewed by a panel of judges, not by the procedure or the court. Arbitrazh courts have jurisdiction over all economic disputes and other disputes related to performance of entrepreneurial and other economic activity. Those disputes may arise from civil, administrative, and any other legal relations and may involve individual entrepreneurs, commercial, and non-commercial legal entities, as well as public law legal entities, their bodies, and officials. In particular, arbitrazh courts hear cases on commercial contract amendments or termination, or nonperformance or improper performance of obligations on compensation of damage on recognition of property rights, and so on. Arbitrazh courts are also exclusively untitled to hear certain types of cases involving individuals without a status of individual entrepreneur. Those are insolvency cases, disputes on protection of intellectual property rights, corporate disputes including disputes between companies and their shareholder or participants, disputes involving stock market investors, and some others. Other disputes fall into purview of courts of general jurisdiction. The dispute resolution procedure in arbitrazh courts, the Russian Federation is determined by the court of arbitrazh procedure of the Russian Federation. This procedure includes four levels; trial court, courts of appeal, court of cassation appeal, and finally, court of supervisor appeal. Most claims are heard at the first level or as trial court by arbitrazh courts of the constituent entities. However, there are certain types of disputes. Those are heard at the first level by federal districts arbitrazh courts or the Court of Intellectual Property Rights. All documents may be submitted to the court on paper or electronically including in the form of electronic document signed by the electronic signature as it regulated by the Russian law. To be mentioned, before submitting a claim to an arbitrazh court, the party may have to comply with pretrial claim procedure. This concerns for example, civil disputes for the recovery of funds, their claims arose out of contracts, other transactions or as well as due to injury enrichment. So, a trial court judgment may be appealed within one month of being issued, otherwise, it comes into legal force. The grounds for an appeal may be mistakes as in establishment the factual circumstances of the case or in applying of law. A court of appeal does not deal only with issues of law, but re-evaluate the evidence and retrial the case. In fact, the appeal is a limited retrial. As a result of the court of appeal hearing, the decision may be upheld or reversed with issued a new decision. The decision of court of appeal is effective immediately. It can be appealed with relevant lower court decision within six months after being effective to a court of cassation appeal. A court of cassation appeal deals only with issues of law. It does not re-evaluate the evidence and retrial the case. As a result of court of cassation appeal hearing, a decision may be upheld, reversed, or amended, or the case may be sent back to the court that issued the decision for retrial. Then, the decision of the court of cassation appeal and relevant lower court decisions may be appealed with the panel of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation within two months after they come into force. The ruling of the supreme court panel may be appealed to the procedure or the Supreme Court as a court of supervisory appeal within three months of becoming effective. The resolution issued by the residual or the Supreme Court may not be appealed.
