[Music] [Music] Making explicit the intercultural dimensions requires an effort of intellectual understanding of others, that consists of educating people in an exploration of interactions and relationships, starting from active listening the Other. The aim is a more objective communication, a more contextual one, and in order to learn about others, to understand their reasoning mechanisms avoiding falling into the traps of relativisation or universalism being aware of the limits of a unilateral vision of the world that would be validated by an experience likely to become normative. An education in making explicit intercultural dimensions may take into account the results of Elias Porter’s work a North American psychologist, who conducted a study on therapeutic interviews allowing him to identify six major families of attitudes, which we spontaneously have in our interpersonal relationships. The chart you see characterizes these attitudes and specifies the possible effects on the person to whom it is addressed Attitude of authority, also called of decision and immediate solution. Attitude of judgement or evaluation. Attitude of interpretation. Attitude of help, support or reinforcement. Attitude of inquiry, investigation or exploration and attitude of understanding or reformulation. In this approach, listening plays a central role in communication. Listening imposes a lot of attention on the interlocutors in front of whom we find ourselves, in order to resist the natural reflexes of interpreting or mechanically attributing a personal meaning to the received remarks. These personal interpretations are often based on our own experience, our own linguistic references, the communities we belong to, our cultural filters or the world reading grid. What we learn from Porter's work is that in communication processes we may tend to regularly adopt attitudes of judgment, authority, or in others, of help. Adopting these attitudes leads us to not recognize the capacity of the Other to be autonomous, to govern his actions, leading him/her unwillingly to a state of dependence. According to Porter, the attitude of understanding, more empathetic than the previous ones, favors the others’ expression. She places the listener in a benevolent interior disposition, that allows further intellectual understanding of the Other. It is a very active posture, which requires special attention, which one needs to train, because it requires one to try to perceive or to feel from the point of view of one's interlocutor. The attitude of understanding can be manifested by objectively and clearly expressing what the person has just said, so that he becomes aware of it. Potentially, the conditions for the respondent to explore, to hesitate, to search for possible answers or solutions, will be created, opening an space to the questioning of preconceived and uncritical answers. The comprehensive attitude aims to support a mutual emotional, relational and intellectual effort. A teaching based on a mutual and active interaction-listening supposes a change of posture on the part of the participants of the interaction or of the communication, in order to allow: to listen “Make say instead of saying” to build a confidence between the participants of the exchange, by letting talk but also giving “signs of attention and synthesis” to grasp, each of the individuals, his/her motivations, understandings, knowledge, insufficiencies. To agree, each of the participants of the interactions, on a plan of action, on a decision-taking process. Mutual and active interaction-listening is also a way of questioning mental and social representations. For Jodelet, a mental representation is the mental image of an absent or previously perceived reality, whether it is an object, a person, an event or an idea. The mental representation is similar to the symbol, to the sign, thus referring to something to which it is more or less close. As for the social representation, it is seen as a cultural product created by social interactions, necessary to apprehend and construct the surrounding reality, a universe of beliefs, opinions, attitudes, which are organized around a central meaning. A way of interpreting and thinking our daily reality. The representation (whether mental or social) has a dynamic on the psychological and social structure of the individual, it is not static, it evolves with the person, the time, the society and it changes. As Moscovici points out, it reflects the state of the individual, the group, and the society so it differs from one individual to another, from one group to another, from one society to another. [Music] [Music]