Attitudes toward Arab and Jews and its results

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Do curso por Tel Aviv University

The History of Modern Israel – Part I: From an Idea to a State

453 classificações

Tel Aviv University

The History of Modern Israel – Part I: From an Idea to a State

453 classificações

How did the State of Israel come to be? How is it that an idea, introduced in 19th century Europe, became a reality? And how does that reality prevail in the harsh complexities of the Middle East? Presented by Professor Eyal Naveh, with additional units from Professor Asher Sussers' "The Emergence of the Modern Middle East" course, This course will take you on a journey through the history of Modern Israel. In this 1st part of the course we will explore: How did the 19th century idea of a Jewish state become a reality? So the next time you hear about Israel in the news, you will be informed enough about the history of this area to comprehend the many sides and narratives that interact to shape the complex reality of Israel today. Please note that there is a second part to this course "The History of Modern Israel - Part II: Challenges of Israel as a sovereign state" which is a direct extension of this part. We highly recommend to continue to the second part after you finish this one (https://www.coursera.org/learn/history-israel-sovereign-state). In order to receive academic credit for this course you must successfully pass the academic exam on campus. For information on how to register for the academic exam – https://tauonline.tau.ac.il/registration Additionally, you can apply to certain degrees using the grades you received on the courses. Read more on this here – https://go.tau.ac.il/b.a/mooc-acceptance Teachers interested in teaching this course in their class rooms are invited to explore our Academic High school program here – https://tauonline.tau.ac.il/online-highschool * This course is a joint effort of Tel Aviv University & Israel Institute (www.israelinstitute.org) * This course uses media material from various archives, courtesy to Yad Vashem Archive for their help. * This course is self-paced. Once you register, you can participate in the course anytime, as often as you wish and over any stretch of time

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The Jewish Community (Yishuv) in Palestine Under British Mandate, 1921-1939

Focusing on the first two decades of the British Mandate in Palestine, this module will explore the relationship between British authorities, Jews, and Arabs in the area. It will characterize the nature of the Zionist society that developed during this time by characterizing it as a "state in a process". It will also point to the emergence of initial Palestinian nationalism and its struggle against both the British authorities and the continuation of Jewish immigration and national building.

Attitudes toward Arab and Jews and its results7:30

Conheça os instrutores

Professor Eyal Naveh
General History
General History professor at Tel Aviv University and at the Kibbutzim College of Education
Professor Asher Susser
Senior Research Fellow
Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies

At the end of the First World War the area the design is called Eretz-Israel

came under the official British control which lasted until May 1948.

The League of Nations gave Great Britain a mandate to rule the region in order to

develop it for the benefit of its inhabitants.

The mandate aimed to develop the country and gradually guide its population

towards self rule, that would ultimately lead to sovereignty and independence.

As a political instrument of a new kind of Western colonialism, the mandate

system was intended to promote British and French imperial interests in the region.

It provided the British Empire with geographical control

over the route to India and to its other colonies in Asia and

secure its hold over energy resources in the Middle East.

The British mandate

replaced the military regime that controlled the area after the war.

It operated for almost 30 years through a colonial civic bureaucracy

headed by a British high commissioner and his officers.

They introduced European methods of administration to the area

which set up a modern infrastructure.

The British named the area Palestine and

upon Zionist request Palestine Eretz-Israel in Hebrew.

The drew the border of the land according to the colonial system that

reflected European diplomacy.

Initially the land included a territory spreading from

the Mediterranean coastal line in the west to the Transjordan Desert in the east.

In 1922, Great Britain separated between Palestine and

the Hashemite Dynasty of Transjordan, known today as Jordan.

From 1918 to 1921,

the border of the mandatory Palestine were negotiated between Britain and

France and were finally approved by the League of Nations in 1922.

About 60,000 Jews and half a million Arabs populated

the land at the beginning of British mandate.

When the mandate ended in 1948, 600,000 Jews and

1.2 million Arabs reside in the country.

This number indicates that both communities

increase their population during the period.

But the Jewish growth ratio outnumbered the Arabs'.

This is the outcome of new waves of Jewish immigration that took

place during the 20s and the 30s.

The British policy at least in 1939,

aimed to help both communities under the principle of balanced commitment.

British authority financed projects such as roads, water and

irrigation systems, rail roads, new harbors, postal networks,

telephone lines, airports, forestry, and radio broadcasting.

They even built local police forces.

They gave money to build schools and hospitals, to promote films and

business and agriculture and industry and help to establish financial institutions.

In reality,

the Jews benefit from the British initiatives much more than the Arab.

Why were the outcomes so

unbalanced in spite of British policy of balanced commitment?

On a practical level, the Jewish community was basically a European community

with a higher level of technical skills, better education and

higher literacy rate than the Arab community.

They knew much better than the local Arabs

how to utilize the British input effectively.

They had manpower that could translate potential British support

three projects of more than development.

On the official political level, the mandate charter that was given to

Great Britain by the League of Nations explicitly stated the following points.

One, that Great Britain will secure the establishment

of a Jewish national homeland by creating a political,

an economic, an administrative means for such an endeavor.

Two, that Great Britain will consult the Jewish Agency, a representative

body of world Jewry in the process of implementing the Balfour Declaration.

Three, that Great Britain will facilitate Jewish immigration and settlement.

Four, Great Britain was also obliged not to do anything that would

obstruct the rights of the non-Jewish ethnic groups and

to encourage the development of Palestinian Arab community in the land.

It is clear from the official mandate document that while the British task

towards Zionist Jews is active and action orientated, the attitude

towards the local Arab remained passive and protective at best.

Thus on the surface, the British administration tried to promote

both communities.

But it in fact assisted the Jews more than the Arabs.

Anyway, the British found themselves occasionally blamed by both Jews and

Arabs, as favoring the other side.

It seems to the Arabs that Great Britain was much more

favorable toward the Zionist goal and

many of them viewed this policy as a Pro Zionist form of European colonialism.

The fact that the first British High commissioner, Sir Herbert Samuel, a Jewish

supporter of the Balfour Declaration intensified such Arab suspicions.

Overall in the 20s and 30s, the mandate assisted the Zionists

to accomplish their goal of creating a viable national community in the land.

It was called in Hebrew by the term Yishuv.

Namely the Jewish community that developed in Palestine.

The British authority, despite some drawbacks overall encouraged

the development of a Zionist political institutions.

They partly financed Hebrew education.

They permitted and even facilitated Jewish immigration and

Jewish land purchasing and settlement, at least until 1936.

They help with relief programs in time of economic difficulties.

They initiate the project that modernized the country such as building the Haifa or

constructing a power plant on the Jordan river.

They built a modern court system that set the ground for

legal system that helps secure life and property.

Great Britain failed in it's initial attempt to build the legislative

council in Palestine that would represent it's citizens proportionately.

They suggested that the body would represent the population but

both communities refused to participate.

The Jews opposed such an offer because it would affect their minority status.

The Arabs opposed it because they rejected any political

cooperation with the Zionists whom they perceived as colonial invaders.

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