[SOUND] Hi, I'm Ric Neu, in this lesson, we'll continue our case study on structure alloys for energy and transport. In this lesson, we'll focus on the next steps of alloy library synthesis and characterization. The learning objective is to describe the next steps of synthesis of alloy libraries and high-throughput experimental characterization and property measurements. So this involves step three and four. So step three, I broke it up into 2 parts, step 3a and step 3b. Step 3a being the synthesis of the library, in this case with the composition gradient. And we'll see step 3b will be then the characterization of that library. So how can libraries be prepared? Well, we look back at our previous modules and realize libraries can be prepared through thin film vapor deposition methods, added a manufacturing, diffusion multiples. The challenge here is though the creates samples with five or more elements and conceivably it could be done. But it may requires some creativeness in creating these libraries, but there's nothing technically that a shows stop are here. For example, you could take wedge arrays of diffusion multiples to create several compositions on the same sample. Step 3b involves the characterization. And again, we go back to the previous module on characterization and property measurement and explore what approaches may be appropriate for alloys. For example, understanding what phases are present, are important so we measure those things by Electron Probe Micro-Analysis, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, X-ray Fluorescence, EBSD, Electron Backscatter Diffraction can even give the crystal structure. And based transformations may be import. Base transformations that occur during say the cooling, so Differential Thermal Analysis methods or High-throughput nano-calorimetry. So there's other types of methods who are interested in how the resistance changes with a transformation so temperature dependent resistivity measurements. Now, we're dealing with high temperature alloys so oxidation resistance by exposing the library to air at the use temperature might be important to see what sort of reactions occur in that environment. We can do the elastic modulus by nanoindentation. Elastic modulus tense to be a composition depend in properties so that would be a proper here. And we can do look at strength by nanoindentation in micro-pillar compression test perhaps. Those strength depends on the microstructure, too. So we might not have an optimum strength at this time but it might give us senses to which alloys we might want to screen out at this point. So let's remind ourselves of the processing structure property chart, and keep in mind that we've completely missed this part so far. We've only focused on composition and solidification. We haven't looked at any thermal mechanical processing, hot working which includes hot forging, hot rolling, cold working, and we haven't even considered solution treatments and aging. And we know that those are all important for predicting the strength, toughness properties which are critical for the alloys we're considering. So we need to go Step 4. Develop alloys with microstructure gradient. And so, for the down-selected composition of alloying elements we got from step three, now we probably pick one and generate a library with a microstructure gradient. And we can do this by hot or cold working, via upset forging or rolling. We saw those in previous lessons. We could have a gradient in a quench rate and we could look at different solution treatment and aging processes and there's multiple of them. And for two phase alloys, the size, volume fraction and distribution of the precipitates are controlled by these solution treatment and aging parameters. Including solution temperature, quench rate, aging temperature, and aging time. And so, we need a sample with a microstructure gradient perhaps made either by deformation processing or with the thermal gradient. And you can see the role of those would be both important for this alloy development. And then Step 4b would evaluate microstructure dependent properties using these high-throughput methods. So now we're looking at really strength, properties that are dependent on the microstructure. So strength by nanoindentention using spherical indenters which tells you something about the modulus, the yield and the harding behaviour. You could also look at micro-pillar compression test, and there are some other methods, but those are probably the two easiest ones to consider. Fracture toughness is important for these alloys. You have to have a tough alloy. And that's a hard one to get a grasp of, that property with high-through put methods, but you can get an indication of fracture toughness through the micro-pillar defamation behavior, so you look at how it deforms. Does it brittley deform under compression or does it shear very nicely and look more like a plastic deformation mechanism. Or you could use nanoindentation with sharp indentors. Which if it's too brittle or has too low of a fracture toughness, you'll form cracks at the tips of the sharp part of the indentor in the material. And again, we need to look at oxidation resistance by exposing library to air. Because the microstructure will play a role in the oxidation resistance because of the sum of the segregation that occurs in the elements. And so, now you'll have a very small subset of alloy composition and possible process routes that you can explore further. So Step 5 is focus your resources. This is the most expensive part, on developing alloys with the greatest potential that you've screened out from steps one through four. And so, the lesson summary here is we've described the next steps of synthesis of alloy libraries and high-throughput experimental characterization in property measurements. And so, overall, the process involves really three key steps. The three middle steps are the most important ones with regard to high-throughput. Step 2 being the computational methods and there the least accuracy is okay. To just screen out the ones that won't work. Step 3 is now when we start experiments so the high-throughput experiments we need a little bit more accuracy in the measurements of the phases. The property measurements. And then, Step 4 where we're looking at microstructure gradients perhaps even a little bit more accuracy so we can get to that Step 5. So this comes to the end of this particular case study. So what is the future of alloy design? And this chart illustrates it fairly, fairly well. Steel has been around for over a century, yet, using high-throughput materials development, it will facilitate the discovery and design of new, strong, tough, corrosion resistant steels. And in fact, just some recent work in this area suggests that we can design a steel that has higher strength and higher toughness, higher ductility. And probably better corrosion resistance than we currently have today, even some of the more advanced high-strength steels. So the opportunities are there. Thank you. [SOUND]