We hope that you found our first module and lectures helpful in expanding your understanding of human behavior. In this module, in module two, we will explore two important concepts. The first is that any theoretical model to be strong and useful must be built on the way local people explain their circumstances and their life in their own culture. Much of what we are presenting in these lectures draws on my 40 years experience in Nigeria, and other African countries, working on malaria and other tropical health issues. So we've tried to ground our courses in these experiences. A local cultural explanatory model for dengue fever might start with learning from the community members what types of febrile illnesses they usually experience, using their own local names for these illnesses. Are there different types of fevers? How do they distinguish these? Do they have a name for dengue in particular? What do they think causes dengue? In some communities, for example, people have difficulty distinguishing dengue fever from malaria fever. They may call dengue heavy, strong, or male malaria because the joint pains and aches are much worse than one experiences with malaria. Then we need to find out how people explain the cause of dengue. Do they associate it with mosquitoes? Can they differentiate the mosquitoes that cause malaria from the mosquitoes that cause dengue? Do they think dengue is caused by certain food or drink? We finally need to consider what people do about treatment. While there is no readily available drug for the dengue virus, people might take palliative medicines, herbal medicines. We need to consider how we might convince people to seek help at a clinic if they believe their own remedies are successful. It would be difficult. And if we could offer no cure, that posses a problem. How can we encourage people to cover their water pots to prevent dengue-carrying mosquitoes if they have other ideas about the cause of the disease? So in some, whether it is common cold or cancer, people will have local explanations and descriptions and perceptions that must be understood and taken into account when planning behavior change interventions. Finally we'll look at the most basic theoretical model, the force field. Here we can start considering what it will take to encourage people to practice a behavior like covering their water pots. There are both driving and restraining forces in this force field. Each force has a valence or strength. For example, how strongly negative is the force that relates to people thinking the cause of the disease is not mosquitoes? How difficult is that to change? In the local setting are cost and convenience of obtaining and using a water drum or pot cover. Are these serious factors? From the force field analysis, we can start to think of interventions that can minimize the negative, or restraining forces, and maximize the positive, or driving forces. Thank you for listening to our lectures, and while you do, start thinking about common health problems in your own area and put together your own explanatory models in force field analysis based on community understanding. This will help you better understand your own setting. Thank you.