本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时 7：有字句+主谓谓语句
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现代汉语核心语法
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第九讲 特殊句子
第九讲主要包括以下语法点：（1）“把”字句；（2）“被”字句；（3）“给”字句；（4）“在”字句；（5）“是”字句；（6）“有”字句；（7）“主谓谓语”句。
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Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
六. VI.
"有"字句。 Sentence pattern of “you”
"有"表示领有、 具有、 存在、 包括等 “you” represents has, possess, exist, include, etc
例如：①那所学校有 一百多年的历史了。 For example: ① “na suo xue xiao you yi bai duo nian de li shi le.” (That school has a history of more than one hundred years)
这个"有"表示"具有" 第②例：校园里有一个小邮局。 The “you” represents “ju you” (has). Example two: “xiao yuan li you yi ge xiao you ju.” (There is a secondary post office on campus).
这个"有"表示什么呢？ 一种存在，就是一个校园里存在一个邮局，这样的意思 What does the “you” mean? Exist or has. There is a secondary post office on campus
除此之外，"有"还有一些呢，特殊的用法 Except for it, there are some special usages of “you”.
我们看一看有哪些用法呢？第一种用法就是用于估计 猜测。 What are them? The first expression is used for estimation or conjecture.
我们看，这种用法是"（主语）+有+数量+（形容词）" Look at it, this usage is “(subject)+ “you”+ quantity + (adjective)
那么注意：这个形容词不是一般的形容词 这些形容词表示度量衡方面的。 Please note: This adjective is not an ordinary adjective. These adjectives mean “du liang heng”.
度就是长度，量就是量度 衡，就是重量方面的。 “du” is length, “liang” is balance, it is weight.
它表示什么呢？估计 表示估计。 What does it represent? Estimation
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Some examples make you clear.
第① 例：这条鱼有三斤重 这条鱼有（数量）三斤重（一个形容词) Example one: “zhe tiao yu you san jin zhong.” “zhe tiao yu(quantity) you san jin zhong (an adjective).”
所以呢这个什么意思呢？就是估计这条鱼的重量是三斤的意思 猜测，不肯定。 What does it mean? The weight of this fish is estimated as one point five kgs.
第② 例：你有一米八吗？ 你有一米八吗？就是我猜一猜呀你的高度 Example two: “ni you yi mi ba ma?” it is used to guess someone’s height.
你的个儿是一米八，但是呢不能肯定，有点怀疑，所以呢这也是一种数量 表示什么呢？估计、估计。 The speaker is not sure about the height of the person mentioned. This is also a quantity that is used for estimation.
（二）用于比较 "主语+有+名词（短语）+形容词（短语）"表示比较 我们看一下例子就比较清楚。
(II) Used for comparison “Subject + you + noun (phrase) + adjective (phrase)" means comparison
例① ：这个教室 有那个教室大。 example one: “zhe ge jiao shi you na ge jiao shi da.” (this classroom is majorger than that one).
这就是什么呢？ 一种比较，用"有"是表示比较，就是猜测，这个教室有那个大 What is it? A comparison. The “you” used here is for comparison or conjecture.
也是经过思考、 比较发现的这个 教室有那个教室大。 However, the speaker said it after consideration or comparison in general.
第③ 例：今天没有昨天热。 Example two: “jin tian mei you zuo tian re.” (It's not as hot today as it was yesterday.)
这是一个否定 也是一种比较。 This is a negative as well as a comparison.
第④ 例：汉语没有你说的那么难 这个也是一种比较，用"没有"来否定、 Example three: “han yu mei you ni shuo de na me nan.” (Chinese is not as difficult as you say). This is also a comparison, using “mei you” to negate
来否定 （六）比喻用法 有些"是"字句啊表示比喻。 (VI) Figurative use some sentence patterns of “shi” is used for metaphor
我们看一下这样的例子。 Let us see examples.
第① 时间就是金钱。 The first one, “ shi jian jiu shi jin qian.” (time is money)
这个时间就是金钱是一种什么？比喻 比喻的用法。 What is it? It is a metaphor.
第② 例：护士是白衣天使 这个"是"也是一种，这样的句子也是一种比喻。 The second one: “hu shi shi bao yi tian shi”.( The nurse is an angel in white). This sentence is also a kind of metaphor.
第③ 例：他是我的左膀右臂 这也是一种比喻的用法，所以这个"是"啊 The third one: “ta shi wo de zuo bang you bi.” (He is my right-hand man). It's also a metaphor.
"是"字句，这样的"是"字句都是一种比喻，一种比喻的说法 七. This sentence pattern of “shi” is a kind of metaphor. VII.
主谓谓语句。 Subject-predicate sentence
谓语为 主谓短语这样的句子叫做主谓谓语句 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 The sentence with subject-predicate phrase is called subject-predicate sentence. Let us see some examples to be clear.
例① ：我们 周一有考试。 Example one: “wo men zhou yi you kao shi.” (We have an exam on Monday).
"我们"是什么？主语 是个 topic，是个话题。 What is the “wo men”? It is a subject or topic
"周一有考试" 是说明"我们"的，所以呢它的谓语"周一有考试"是什么呢？ “zhou yi you kao shi” is used to descripts “wo men”. What is the object of “zhou yi you kao shi”?
是一个，"周一"是主语 "有考试"呢是个谓语，所以呢我们叫 主谓谓语句。 “zhou yi” is the subject. “you kao shi” is the predicate. Therefore, we call it subject-predicate sentence.
这样的句子叫主谓谓语句。 This type of sentence is subject-predicate sentence.
第②例：那孩子个儿不高。 Example two: “na hai zi ge er bu gao.” (The child is not tall).
"那孩子"是主语 "个不高"是谓语，但是呢"个儿不高"这个"个"又是一个 “na hai zi” is the subject. “ge er bu gao” is the predicate. However, in the “ge er bu gao”, the “ge” is a
topic，是一个主语 "不高"是个谓语，所以呢这样的句子我们叫主谓谓语句 那么汉语的主谓谓语句很多，主要有以下几类
topic, a subject. “bu gao” is a predicate. Therefore, this kind of sentence is subject-predicate sentence. Chinese has many subject-predicate sentence. It mainly includes the following categories
（一）大主语和小主语是整体和部分关系 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 (I) Major subjects and secondary subjects are integral and partial relationship. Some examples make you clear.
例① ：衣服扣子掉了 "衣服"是什么？"衣服"就是一个大的 Example one: “yi fu kou zi diao le”( The buttons are off) . What is the “yi fu” used as? It is a
大主语，"扣子"是一个小主语 major subject. The “kou zi” is a secondary subject.
那么大主语和小主语什么关系呢？ 是什么关系呢？那么"扣子"是 What is the relationship between them? The “kou zi” is
"衣服"的一部分，所以呢它们是整体和部分的关系 我们再看第②例：眼镜镜片碎了。 a part of “yi fu”. Therefore, they are the relationship between the whole and the parts. Let us turn to the example two: “yan jing jing pian sui le.”( The glasses were broke).
"眼镜"是一个大的 大的主语，"镜片"是一个小的主语 The “yan jing’ is a major subject; the “jing pian” is a secondary subject.
它们什么关系呢？也是镜片是 眼镜的一部分，所以也是整体和部分的关系 What is the relationship between them? They are also the relationship between the whole and the parts because the “jing pian” is a part of “yan jing”.
（二）大主语是小主语的领有者 领有者。 (II) The major subject is the “ling you zhe” of the secondary subject.
所谓领有者就是占有者 就是说，小主语是属于大主语的。 The so-called “ling you zhe” means holder. That is to say, the secondary subject belongs to the major subject.
我们来看一下 例子就比较清楚。 Let me show you some examples to help you understand it better.
你儿子鼻子真高。 “ni er zi bi zi zhen gao.” (Your son has a really tall nose).
"你儿子"是什么呢？是一个 大的 subject，"鼻子"是一个小的 What does the “ni er zi” used as? It is a major subject; the “bi zi” is a secondary subject.
subject 那么"你儿子"和"鼻子"是什么关系呢？也就是说"鼻子"是属于"儿子"的
What is the relationship between them? The “bi zi’ belongs to “er zi”.
所以呢大主语是什么呢？领有者 是一个领有者。 What does the major subject used as? A holder.
第②例：我们学校图书馆非常漂亮。 Example two: “wo men xue xiao de tu shu guan fei chang piao liang.” (The library of our school is very beautiful).
"我们学校" 是一个大的 subject，"图书馆"是一个小的 The “wo men xue xiao” is a major subject; the “tu shu guan” is a secondary
subject 那么我们学校和图书馆什么关系呢？也就是说"图书馆" subject. What is the relationship of them? The “tu shu guan”( library)
是属于"我们学校"的，也就是我们学校是图书馆的领有者 belongs to “wo men xue xiao”(our school). That is to say, our school is the holder of library.
（三）小主语是大主语的属性 所谓的属性就是特征、 特点。 (III) A secondary subject is an attribute of a large subject. The so-called attributes are characteristics,
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 Let us see some examples to be clear.
哥哥性格比我好 "哥哥"是一个大的 subject，"性格"是一个小的 subject。
“ge ge xing ge bi wo hao” (My brother has a better character than me). The “ge ge” is a major
subject; the “xing ge” is a secondary subject.
那么它们什么关系？也就是说 "性格"小的 subject What is the relationship of them? The “xing ge”, secondary subject,
是"哥哥"的什么呢？它的属性，就是它的特点 第②个：他脾气很坏。 is an attribute or nature of “ge ge”. Example two, “ta pi qi hen huai.”(He has a bad temper).
这个是大的 subject "脾气"是小的 subject，也就是脾气是 The secondary subject, “pi qi”, is
他的什么呢？属性，也就是他的特点，所以它的大主语和 小主语是大主语的属性，它们是这样的关系。
the attribute of major subject. This is the relationship of them.
（四） 大主语是受事，小主语是施事。 (IV) The major subject is receiving, the secondary subject is giving.
我们看一看是什么意思呢？ 我们看一下例①，"饺子"是一个大的 Let us see the meaning of it. Example one, “jiao zi” is a major
subject、 subject "我"呢是一个小的 subject; the “wo” is a secondary
subject，那么"饺子"和"我"什么关系呢？ "饺子"是买的受事，也就是买的 subject. What is the relationship between “jiao zi” and “wo”? The “jiao zi” is the receiving of “mai” (buy),
行为动作，买的承受者 而"我"呢，是什么呢？是施事 the action or recipient of “mai” (buy). What is ‘wo” used as?
也就是说是买的行为动作的发出者 所以就是这样的意思。 The issuer of the action of “mai” (buy). That is the meaning of it.
第②例：电视妈妈给关了。 Example two: “dian shi ma ma gei guan le.” (mother turn off the television).
一样的 这个大 subject，这个小的 "电视"是"关"的受事 The “dian shi” is a recipient of “guan”.
就是"关"的承受的对象，而"妈妈"是"关"的呢？ 发出者，是个动作的发出者，是一个施事，是一个施事
What is “ma ma” used as?
Issuer, issuer of the action
（五）大主语是时间，小主语是受事 (V) major subject is time, secondary subject is the recipient
大主语是时间，小主语是施事 我们看一下例子就比较清楚了。 major subject is time, secondary subject is the issuer. Let us see some examples.
第①例：星期二我们去旅游 "星期二"是时间，是一个大的 subject，"我们"呢是小的
example one:”xing qi er wo men qu lv you” (let us go on a tour on Tuesday). The “xing qi er’ is time, the major subject. The “wo men” is the secondary
subject "我们"是施事，行为动作 的发出者，"星期二"是时间。 subject, the issuer of this action. The “xing qi er” is time.
同样的，国庆节 学校放假，国庆节是什么？时间 Likewise, “guo qing jie xue xiao fang jia.” (School is closed on National Day). What is “guo qing jie”? time.
小主语"学校"是什么呢？是行为动作的发出者，就是决定者 （六) What the secondary subject, “xue xiao”, is? The issuer and decider of this action. (VI)
大主语是施事，小主语是时间 我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了。 The major subject is issuer; the secondary subject is time. Let us see some examples.
第① 例：我们明天休息 "我们"是一个大的 subject，"明天"是小的 Example one: “wo men ming tian xiu xi”.( We'll have a rest tomorrow). The “wo men” is a major subject; the “ming tian” is a secondary
subject 那么我们看，"我们"是什么？是一个行为动作的发出者，也就是说是施事 subject. And then, what the role of “wo men”? the issuer of this action.
"明天"是什么呢？是时间，所以它们的关系 是这样的。 What is the role of “ming tian”? time. Therefore, their relationship like this.
例② ：老师星期一请我们去他家。 Example two: “lao shi xing qi yi qing wo men qu ta jia.” (The teacher invited us to his house on Monday).
"老师"是 行为动作的发出者，"星期一"是时间、 The “lao shi” is the issuer of this action; the “xing qi yi” is time.
是时间 所以呢，大主语和小主语它们的关系是这样的。 Therefore, their relationship is the major subject and secondary subject.
（七） 大主语是受事，小主语是时间。 (VII) Major subject is recipient; secondary subject is time.
我们来看一下 第①例：作业晚上再做吧。 Let us see the first example: “zuo ye wan shang zai zuo ba.” (Do your homework in the evening).
"作业"是什么？大主语 "晚上"小主语，那么大主语是什么呢？是受事，就是 What is the role of “zuo ye”? major subject. The “wan shang” is the secondary subject. What is the major subject used as? Recipient
做的对象，做的承受者。 In other words, the sufferer
而"晚上"是什么呢？"晚上"是时间 是这样的关系。 What is the role of “wan shang”? It is time. Here the relationship is.
第② 例：床单昨天就换了。 Example two: “chaung dan zuo wan jiu huan le.” (The sheets were changed yesterday).
"床单"是一个 什么呢？大主语，它是受事，也就是换的 What is the “chuang dan”? Major subject. It is the recipient,
动作的对象，而"昨天"呢？是什么呢？ 是，也是时间。 the object of “huan”. What about “zuo tian”? It is time.
这是这一类，第七类 第（八）类，大主语是处所，小主语是时间。 The above is the seventh category. Let come to the eighth category. Major subject is a place; secondary subject is time.
我们看一下例子就比较清楚 这个是大的 Some examples make you clear. This is a major
subject "下周"是小的 subject. The “xia zhou” is a secondary
subject，那么大的是什么呢？"超市"是什么？"超市"是 处所，"下周"是什么呢？下周是时间。
subject. What about the major subject? What is the “chao shi” (supermarket) used as here? The “chao shi” is a place. What about “xia zhou”(next week)? It is time.
所以就是这样的关系 例②：商店新年不开门。 Here the relationship it is. Example two: “shang dian xin nian bu kai men.” (The shop is closed for the New Year).
"商店"" 也是一个处所，"新年"是一个时间，所以它们也是这样的关系 The “shang dian” (shop) is also a place. The “xin nian” (New Year) is time. Here the relationship they are.
（九）大主语是处所 小主语是施事。 (IX) major subject is a place; secondary subject is issuer.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Let us see some examples.
"这个房间" 是什么？是处所。 What is the “zhe ge fang jian”(this room) used as? A place.
"你" 是什么呢？是施事，也就是说"住"的行为动作的发出者 What about “ni’ (you)? An issuer. It is the issuer of “zhu”.
所以呢是处所加上施事。 Therefore, it is the pattern of “place+issuer”.
第③ 例 是一样。 Example two, it is the same as the first.
北京是什么呢？是处所。 What is Beijing? A place.
妈妈去过两次 "妈妈"是去的行为动作的发出者 所以呢是什么呢？是施事。 “ma ma qu guo laing ci”( Mother has been there twice). The “ma ma” is the issuer of this action.
它们的关系是这样的关系 （十）大主语表示对象 或者相关的事物，小主语是施事。 Here the relationship they are. (X) major subject represent an object or correlative thing. Secondary subject is an issuer.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚 汉字我有兴趣。 Let us have a look at some examples. “han zi wo you xing qu” (I am interested in Chinese characters).
"汉字"是一个大主语 大的 subject ，"我"是小主语，是小的 The “han zi” is a major subject; the “wo” is a secondary subject.
subject 大主语"汉字"是什么呢？"汉字"是对象，也就是说有兴趣的对象是汉字 what is the role of “han zi”, the major subject? It is an object of interesting from me.
"我"呢是什么呢？"我"是施事，也就是我有兴趣 是有兴趣的行为动作者。 What about “wo”? the “wo” is an issuer. I am the action actor who is interested in Chinese character.
第②例：这事 大家都有数。 Example two: “zhe shi, da jia dou you shu” (Everybody knows about it).
那么"这事"是什么？就是有数的对象 而"大家"呢是一个小的 What is the “zhe shi”? The object of “you shu”. What about the “da jia”, secondary
subject 是什么呢？也是施事。 subject? An issuer.
也就是我有数，大家有数。 It means that everybody knows about it.
这个是一个行为动作的发出者 "大家"是有数这个动作的发出者，它们是这样的关系 这样的关系。
This is the originator of an action. The “da jia” is an issuer of this action of “you shu”. Here the relationship they are.
注意：除了大主语 为施事，小主语为时间以及 Please note: in addition to the major subject and secondary subject of major subject for the issuer, secondary subject for the time and
大主语为处所，小主语为时间的主谓谓语句的大主语和小主语 major subject for the place, secondary subject for the time of subject-predicate predicate sentence
可以互换以外，其他的主谓谓语句的大主语和小主语 一般不能互换，我们来看一下例子。 are interchangeable, other major subject and secondary subject of subject-predicate predicate sentence are generally not interchangeable. Let us see some examples.
第① 例 一班明天考试。 Example one, “ yi ban ming tian kao shi” (Class one will have an examination tomorrow).
"一班" 是什么呢？是一个施事，"明天"是时间。 What is the role of “yi ban”? an issuer. The “ming tian” is time.
我们也可以说"明天 一班考试"，也就是说"明天"在前 We can also say that “ming tian yi ban kao shi” (an examination will be held tomorrow in the class one). In this sentence, the “ming tian” is placed before
"一班"跑到后面，这个句子也是可以，没有问题 第②例：我们全家春节去国外旅游 the “yi ban”. This is no problem. Example two: “wo men quan jia chun jie qu guo wai jiao you.” (My family will travel abroad during the Spring Festival).
"我们全家"是什么？是一个大的 subject，"春节"是时间 What is the “wo men quan jia”? It is a major subject. The “chun jie” is time.
所以呢我们也可以说，春节我们全家 去国外旅游，也就是说可以换一换。 Therefore, you can also say that “chun jie wo men quan jia qu guo wai jiao you.”(During the Spring Festival, my family will travel abroad).
这种情况下是可以换的 是没有问题，但是意思呢有一点不一样 In this condition, you can change the order of it. The meaning is a little bit of different.
好，今天的课到此结束，谢谢！ Well, that’s all for today. Thank you.
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