本课程根据外国学生学习汉语的特点，比较系统地介绍了汉语的主要语法，像词类、句子成分、单句、复句、篇章、表达方法，等等；着重指出了外国学习者学习汉语语法的难点和重点，并通过大量有针对性的练习，帮助学习者去掌握、运用，从而提高学习者的汉语水平。 According to the characteristics of the foreign student learning Chinese, this course systematically introduces the main grammar of Chinese, such as part of speech, sentence constituent, single sentence, complex sentence, discourse, expression method. This course emphatically points out the important and difficult points in the foreign student’s Chinese grammar learning, and through a large number of targeted trainings, the course helps learners to master and use, thus to improve Chinese level of the learner.
课时2：篇章连接手段（上）
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现代汉语核心语法
16 classificações
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Defeng YangProfessor
School of Chinese as a Second Language
第二节，篇章连接手段 Lesson 2, passages connection methods.
篇章中句子的衔接方法很多，主要有关联词语、 代词、 There are many methods of connecting sentences in a passage, mainly include conjunction words, pronoun,
副词 时间连接成分、 逻辑联系词语 省略、 替代等。 adverbs, time conjunction component, logical conjunction words, ellipsis, substitution, etc.
一. First,
关联词语 关联词语不仅可以把句子联系在一起，而且 conjunction words. Conjunction words can not only connect the sentences, but also
可以把句子和句段，句段和句段等联系在一起 can connect sentences and phrases and connect phrases and phrases.
因此呢关联词语是篇章连接的 主要手段之一。 Therefore conjunction words are one of the most important connecting methods.
我们来看一下例子。 Let’s take a look at an example.
第①例，虽然我们学过一年汉语，但是水平还很低 那么利用”虽然""但是"这两个连词 Example No.1, Although(Sui ran) we have studied Chinese for one year, (Dan shi)the level is still very low. “Sui ran” and “Dan shi” in Chinese are two words
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把这两个，前一个分句，前一个句子和后一个句子联系起来
to connect these clauses.
第②例，明天不但下雪，而且还有大风。
Example No.2, tomorrow it's not only(Bu dan) snowing, but also(Er qie) wind blowing.
那么，这也是一个 复句。 So this is also a compound sentence.
那么用"不但...而且..."把这两个句子呢联系在一起 二. So We use “Bu Dan… Er qie…” to connect two clauses. Second,
代词 代词不仅起着替代的作用，而且在篇章构成中也起着连接作用 pronouns. Pronouns not only play an alternative role, but also play a role in textual composition.
那么，汉语话题链和话题链之间 趋向于用代词连接。 So, the Chinese topic chains tend to be connected by pronouns.
我们来看一下例子就比较清楚 郎平退役后，定居美国，1995 Let’s look at an example, After Lang Ping retired, she settled in the United States and
年 2 月，出任中国女排主教练 她承认，现在的中国女排 became the Chinese women's volleyball coach in February 1995. She admitted that the Chinese women's volleyball team in the world volleyball team
在世界排坛上，只能算是一支"二流队伍" 这是一个、 一段话。 can only be regarded as a "second class team”. This is a paragraph.
这段里面的"郎平退役后到出任中国女排主教练" In this paragraph, “Lang Ping retired to be the head coach of the Chinese women's volleyball team”
是一个话题链，即这些句子呢都有同一个话题 is a topic chain, which means all these sentences have the same topic.
这个话题就是什么呢？郎平 What’s the topic?That’s Lang Ping.
那么我们再看后面的"她承认到只能算是一支二流队伍"是一个话题链 这个话题链的话题是什么呢？中国女排。
And then what about the topic in next sentence? “She confessed that it was only a second class team”, the topic is Chinese volleyball team.
因此呢，这两个话题链之间 连接用的是什么呢？代词"她" Therefore, two topic chains are connected by what? It’s the pronoun, “SHE”.
用"她"把那个两个话题链呢连接在一起 三. Use “She” to connect two topics. Third,
副词。 Adverbs.
副词在篇章中也起着连接的作用 Adverbs also play connecting role in passages.
这样的副词很多，主要是关联副词、 语气副词等 我们来看一下例子。 There are so many adverbs like this, mainly include conjunctive adverbs and modal adverbs, let’s check the examples.
清明节到了，俗话说："清明时节雨纷纷" 说得真准，果然下起了雨 Qingming Festival arrived. As the saying goes, "The rain falls thick and fast on Qingming Festival" is very accurate, it’s truly(Guo ran) raining.
那么，这个、 这段话里的"果然"呢就起着连接的作用，把前后两个段落 连接在一起。 So this “Guo Ran” plays the role of connecting and connect two paragraphs.
四. Fourth,
时间连接成分 汉语篇章中的时间连接成分很多 time conjunction component. In Chinese passages, there are a lot of time conjunction component.
通过这些成分，把篇章中的句子和句子或句子和句段联系在一起 With those conjunction component, sentences and sentences or sentences and phrases are connected together.
时间连接成分主要有三类：先时连接成分、 同时连接成分和后时连接成分 There are three main types of time connection components: pre-time connection component, simultaneous connection component and post-time connection component.
我们看一下第①例，第一种情况，就是先时性连接成分 或者叫先时连接成分。 Let’s take a look at the first example, that’s pre-time connection component.
这种连接成分表示所发生的情况 在前边，这样的连接成分主要有什么呢？"先、 This connection component means that things happened before the main topic. And the main connection words are “Xian(First),
首先 起初、 先前、 从前、 过去、 以前、 原来、 本来、 Shou xian(at first), Qi chu(Originally), Cong qian(before), Guo qu(before), Yi qian(before), Yuan lai(at first), Ben lai (at first),
原先"等 我们来看一下例子 Yuan xian(at first). Let’s look at the examples.
起初女孩对男孩只是喜欢，随着 两个人感情的加深，女孩渐渐地从喜欢变成爱 At first,(Qi chu) girls just liked boys. With the deepening of two people's feelings, girls gradually changed from like to love.
那么这里面的"起初"，"起初"是什么呢？"起初"就是一个先时性连接成分 So what’s the maning of “Qi chu”? It is a pre-time conjunction component,
也就是它所在的句子所表示的情况发生在前 通过它呢，把前后的句子连接在一起，组成一个篇章
that is, the situation in which the sentence it is represented occurs before.
Through it, connecting the sentences back and forth, forming a chapter.
（二）同时性连接成分 (Second), simultaneous connecting component.
同时性连接成分表示一种情况与另一种情况发生在同一个时间 Simultaneous connection component means a situation occurs at the same time with another.
那么这样的连接成分主要有什么呢？"同时 当时、 So what are the main words? “Tong shi(at the same time), Dang shi(At that time),
此时、 与此同时、 这时候、 那时候、 一面、 Ci shi(in this time), Yuci Tongshi (at the same time), Zhe shihou(in this time), Na shiou(in that time), Yi mian(on one side),
一边、 另一方面"等 我们来看一下例子。 Yi bian(while), Ling yi fangmian (On the other side), Let’s take a look at the example.
倒车的时候 不仅要注意前方，同时还得从左右两个后视镜 来观察后面的情况。 When reversing, you should not only pay attention to the front, (Tong shi)but also observe the situation from the left and right two rearview mirrors.
这个用"同时" 表示呢，所在的句子表示的情况与另一种情况呢发生在同一时间 This “Tong shi” in Chinese sentence means that one situation in which the sentence is represented occurs at the same time as the other one.
所以用"同时"能把这个分句、 两个句子连接起来，组成一个复句 So we use “Tong shi” can connect these two phrases and sentences to form a component sentence.
（三）后时性连接成分 后时性连接成分表示一种情况发生在另一种情况之后 (Third), post-time connection component. It means one situation happens after anther one,
这样的连接成分主要有"后来、 以后、 之后 此后、 mainly including “Hou lai(after), Yi hou(after), Zhi hou(then), Ci hou(after then),
随后、 随即、 接着、 接下来、 很快、 不久 不一会儿、 过了一会儿"等。 Sui hou(after then), Sui ji(then), Jie zhe(next), Jie xialai(next), Hen kuai(soon), Bu jiu(soon), bu yihuier(not long), guole yihuier (after some time)”.
我们来看一下例子 鲁迅本来是一名医生，后来他觉得 医生不能使中国强大，因此呢放弃了学医
Let's take a look at the example. Lu Xun was originally a doctor, but later(hou lai) he felt that
doctors can't make China strong, so he gave up learning medicine.
这个里面的"后来"呀，表示所在的句子呢 表示的情况发生在另一个情况的后面，这个情况 “Hou lai” in this sentence shows that one situation in the sentence happens after another one, that is
他觉得医生不能使中国强大，发生在是"一名医生的"这个后面 （五）逻辑联系词语 he thinks “doctors can’t make China strong”, happens after “be a doctor”. (Fifth), logical conjunction words.
逻辑联系词语表示各种逻辑关系，这些词语在篇章中起着连接的作用 Logical conjunction words express all kinds of logical relations, and these words plays connecting roles in the text.
逻辑联系词语很多，可以是词，也可以是短语 （一）列举逻辑词语 There are many logical links, which can be words or phrases. (First), Enumerating logical words.
列举逻辑词语表示对叙述的事物逐一进行列举 那么这样的逻辑词语主要有"一、 Enumerating logical words mean to enumerate things that are narrated one by one. so the main logical words are “Yi(First),
二、 三、 什么什么的"、 "首先、 其次 再次、 Er(second),San(third), Shenme shenme de (and so on)”, “Shou xian(First), Qi ci (and then), Zai ci(after),
最后"、 "第一、 第二、 第三等等"、 "一方面、 另一方面"、 "其一、 Zui hou(finally)”, “Di yi(First), Di er(Second), Di san(third)”, “Yi fangmian(on one hand…), Ling Yifangnian (on the other hand…)”, “Qi yi(Firstly),
其二、 其三..."等等 好，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚。 Qi er(Secondly), Qi san(thirdly)” and so on. It will be clear that we look at the examples.
我觉得这比干家务有意思多了： 一方面那些工厂、 I think this is much more interesting than doing housework: On the one hand(Yi fangmian), factories and farms are really great,
农场建设得 确实棒，另一方面这种外出多少带有 郊游的趣味。 on the other hand(Ling Yifangnian), this kind of outing has much fun.
这一段话里面的"一方面..."、 "另一方面..." 列举了"这比干家务有意思多"的原因。
In this paragraph, it shows reasons of “more interesting than doing housework” using “Yi fangmian, Ling Yifangnian”.
也就两个方面的原因 （二）举例逻辑词语 That’s two reasons. (Second), illustrating logical words.
举例逻辑词语表示对前面所说的内容 举例加以说明、 Illustrating logical words are used to illustrate,
解释或进行描述 这样的逻辑词语主要有"例如、 explain or describe the contents mentioned above, mainly including “Li ru(For example),
比如、 比如说 比方说、 （就）拿...来说、 Bi ru(For example), Bi rushuo(For example), Bi fangshuo (for example), Jiu na…laishuo(take…for an example),
以...为例 譬如、 就是说、 也就是说、 即等。 Yi…weili(take…for an example), Pi ru(for example), Jiu shishuo(which means), ye jiu shishuo(which means), Ji(that is) and so on.
我们来看一下例子 我说："那就换换别的菜吧 Let's take a look at the example. I said, "let's change other dishes.
比如换成蒸鸡蛋、 炒虾仁，不管什么菜都行，只要能换个花样。 For example(Bi ru), steamed eggs or fried shrimps, whatever the dishes are, as long as they can change their patterns.”
"这个比如就是一个举例 列举、 举例说明。 Here “Bi ru” is taking an example, or illustrating.
第②例，以高等教育发展的情况为例： 到 1986 年，我国高等院校由 Example No.2. Take(Yi) the case of the development of higher education as an example(Weili): by 1986 China's institutions of higher learning
1949 年的 205 所 发展到 1050 developed from 205 in 1949 to more than 1050.
多所 这个"以...为例"后面呢也是一个例子，也是一个举例的情况 （三）总结逻辑词语 Here after “Yi…Weili” is an example, which is also an illustrating situation. (Third), summary logical words.
总结逻辑词语表示前面所说的内容 进行总结或归纳。 summary logical words means to indicate or conclude the contents mentioned above.
这样的逻辑词语 主要有"一句话、 总的来看、 Such logical words mainly include “Yi Juhua(one word), Zongde laikan(in general),
总的来说、 总之、 总而言之 概括起来说"等。 Zongde laishuo(generally speaking), Zong zhi(In conclude), Zong er Yan Zhi(In conclude), Gaikuo qilai shuo(to sum up)” and so on.
我们看一下例子 去年许多国家调整、 Let’s look at an example, last year, many countries adjusted
制定了新的亚洲政策，总的来说，更加重视亚洲 一些措施已经或者正在落实中。 and formulated new Asian policies. In general(Zongde laishuo), more attention has been paid to some measures in Asia or are being implemented.
"总的来说"就是一种总结 是对"去年许多国家调整、 “Zongde laishuo” is a conclusion, which is the conclusion for “last year, many countries adjust
制定了新的亚洲 政策"的一种总结、 归纳。 and formulated new Asian policies”.
（四） 对比逻辑词语。 (Fourth), Contrastive logical words.
对比逻辑词语表示对比、 比较 这样的逻辑词语主要有"相比之下、 Contrastive logical words mean contrast and comparison. The logical words like this mainly include “Xiangbi Zhixia(by comparison),
比较而言 两相比较、 跟...比起来、 与...相比"等 我们看一下例子。 Bijiao Eryan(Comparatively speaking), Liang xiang bijiao(conpare with each other), Gen…Biqilai…(compare with…), Yu…xiangbi (compare with…)” and so on, let’s check the examples.
我甚至有点伤心地想到 "那小子是那么漂亮，那么文明，那么有教养。 I even thought a little sadly, "that boy is so beautiful, so civilized and educated.
"相比之下 我简直就像一个野蛮人！用"相比之下"呢，表示一种比较，前面和后面的情况 Compared with him(xiangbi zhixia), I’m almost a barbarian!” Using “xiangbi zhixia” shows a contrast and comparison
进行比较或者对比。 between two sides.
（五） 转题逻辑词语。 (Fifth), logical words for turning topics.
转题逻辑词语呢，表示转换话题，引进新的话题 Logical words for turning topics mean that the topic’s conversion and introducing new topics.
这样的逻辑词语主要有"顺便说一下 顺便提一下、 换一个角度"等。 Such logical words are mainly “Shunbian Shuoyixia(by the way), Sunbian Tiyixia (by the way), Huange jiaoduo (from another angle)”.
我们来看一下例子 下课以后，大家就可以回家了。 Let’s take a look at the example, after class, you can go home.
顺便说一下，明天考试，请大家早点来 这句、 这段话里面的"顺便说一下"后面的"明天考试，请
By the way(Shunbian Shuoyixia), tomorrow we have an exam, please be here earlier.” In this paragraph. “Tomorrow we have an exam” is after the “Shunbian Shuoyixia” ,
大家早点来"与前面的"下课以后，大家就可以回家"不是一个话题 前面的话题是什么呢？"大家"，后面的话题是"明天"
compared with the sentence of “after class, you can go home.” , they have different topics ,
the former topic is “You” and the later one is “tomorrow”,
也就是说话题转换了，通过”顺便说一下"把这个话题转化了 which means to transfer the topic by using “Shunbian Shuoyixia”.
（六）补充逻辑词语 (Sixth), complementary logical words.
补充逻辑词语表示对前文所说的情况进行补充 这样的逻辑词语主要有"此外、 另外、 Complementary logical words complement the situation mentioned above. The logical words are mainly “Ci wai(besides), Ling wai(In addition),
再说、 除了...以外 除此之外、 再补充一句"等 我们来看一个例子。 Zai shuo(Bedises), Chule…Yiwai(Besides), Chuci Zhiwai(besides),Zai bucking yiju(add another sentence) and so on. Let’s look at an example.
新加坡没有土著民族 现有居民都是外来移民，华人占居民的大多数 There are no original people in Singapore. Most of the existing residents are immigrants, and Chinese account for the majority of the population.
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另外，还有马来人、 印度人、 巴基斯坦人、 英国人、 日本人 等。
In addition(Ling wai), there are Malays, Indians, Pakistan people, Englishmen, Japanese and so on.
这段话里面的"另外"后面的"还有马来人、 印度人 In this sentence, after “Ling wai”, “there are Malays, Indians, Pakistan people, Englishmen,
到日本人"，那么是对"新加坡没有土著民族 到华人占居民的大多数"的一种什么呢？补充、 Japanese” is the complement to the first sentence “There are no original people in Singapore”.
补充说明 （七）转折逻辑词语 (Seventh), transition logical words.
转折逻辑词语表示与前文所说的情况相反或相对 这样的转折逻辑词语主要有"相反、 Transitional logic words mean the situation is opposite or relative to those mentioned earlier. The transition logical words mainly include “Xiang fan(contrary),
事实上、 反过来、 其实、 不料、 没料到 没想到、 Shi shishang(In fact), Fan Guolai(Conversely), Qi shi(Actually), Bu liao(unexpectedly), Mei liaodao(unexpected), Mei xiangdao (unexpected),
岂料、 反之、 与此相反" 我们来看一下例子。 Qi liao(however), Fanzhi(conversely), Yuci xiangfan(on the contrary)”, let’s take a look at the example.
第①例，她说她知道这件事，其实她根本不知道 Example No.1, She said she knew about it, but actually(qi shi) she didn't know it at all.
那么这个"其实"是什么呢？"其实"是表示转折，也就是跟前面的情况是不一样 第②例，原来公司机关有
So what’s this “Qi shi”? It means transition, which means it’s different from the former situation.
Example No.2, there were more than 700 colleges in the office department,
700 多人，现减为 238 人 但与此相反，经营部门的人员却比原来增加了 but now they are reduced to 238. But on the contrary(Yuci xiangfan), the number of colleges in business department has increased.
例②的与此相反呢，也表示一种转折，也就是说这种情况和前面的情况是不一样的 “Yuci xiangfan” in Example No.2, also shows a transition, which means this situation is different from the former situation.
（八）推论逻辑词语 (Eighth), inferential logical words
推论逻辑词语呢，表示在前文的基础上所做出的 所得出的结论。 Inferring logical words express the conclusions drawn on the basis of previous articles.
这样的逻辑词语主要有"显然 由此可见、 不难看出、 Logical words here are mainly include “Xian ran(Obviously), Youci kejian(Thus it can be seen), Bunan kanchu(It's not hard to see),
显而易见、 这么一来、 毫无疑问" 等。 Xianer yijian(Obviously), Zheme yilai(as a result), Haowu Yiwen(there is no doubt that)” and so on.
我们来看一下例子。 Let’s take a look at the examples.
例① 从他的面貌和体型来看，显然他是一个中国人 Example No.1, judging from his appearance and figure, he is obviously(xian ran) a Chinese.
这个用"显然"表示一种推论 第②例，美国基本消灭地区差距用了 Here we use “Xian ran” to show an inference. Example No.2, it has been 50 years since the United States basically eliminated the regional disparities,
50 年，日本用了 20 年，毫无疑问 在我国缩小地区差距也需要一个长期的过程 and Japan has used it for 20 years. There is no doubt that(Haowu yiwen) it will take a long process to narrow the regional disparity in China.
用"毫无疑问"呢，表示一种推论，在前面的基础上得出的一种结论 Here we use “Haowu yiwen” to show an inference which is a conclusion from the former basis.
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