apparent religious conflict
in multi-confessional societies,
but in multi-confessional societies,
the problem is not clash of religions,
it is the clash of status
between minority and majority,
the lack of integration of minorities.
It is not a theological problem,
it is not a religious problem,
it’s a problem of political participation
and of political status.
This is the case for instance
during the Indian partition
as I mentioned in my previous lecture,
but it is also the case
in many African countries
in which the status of the religious minority
is not clear and is not politically
and institutionally organized.
It is also the case in civil wars.
Civil wars are coming from the collapse
of the social contract,
but the collapse of the social contract
doesn’t imply that there is a necessary clash
between religions.
When Iraq for instance collapsed as a nation,
as a nation state it appeared
a strong oppositions
between Shi'ism, Sunnism and Kurd people.
Kurd people, it’s no matter with religion,
it is a question of ethnicity,
but this clash was not a religious clash,
it was really a political clash.