Introduction to Control

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Do curso por The Pennsylvania State University

Epidemias - A Dinâmica das Doenças Infecciosas

594 classificações

The Pennsylvania State University

Epidemias - A Dinâmica das Doenças Infecciosas

594 classificações

Not so long ago, it was almost guaranteed that you would die of an infectious disease. In fact, had you been born just 150 years ago, your chances of dying of an infectious disease before you've reached the tender age of 5 would have been extremely high. Since then, science has come a long way in understanding infectious diseases - what they are, how they spread, and how they can be prevented. But diseases like HIV/AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis, or the flu are still major killers worldwide, and novel emerging diseases are a constant threat to public health. In addition, the bugs are evolving. Antibiotics, our most potent weapon against bacterial infections, are losing their power because the bacteria are becoming resistant. In this course, we'll explore the major themes of infectious diseases dynamics. After we’ve covered the basics, we'll be looking at the dynamics of the flu, and why we're worried about flu pandemics. We'll be looking at the dynamics of childhood diseases such as measles and whooping cough, which were once considered almost eradicated, but are now making a comeback. We'll explore Malaria, and use it as a case study of the evolution of drug resistance. We'll even be looking at social networks - how diseases can spread from you to your friends to your friends' friends, and so on. And of course we’ll be talking about vaccination too. We’ll also be talking about how mobile phones, social media and crowdsourcing are revolutionizing disease surveillance, giving rise to a new field of digital epidemiology. And yes, we will be talking about Zombies - not human zombies, but zombie ants whose brains are hijacked by an infectious fungus. We're looking forward to having you join us for an exciting course!

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Vaccination

In module 5 of the course, you will learn about vaccination, one of the most common approaches to the prevention of epidemics. We'll first put vaccination in the context of the many types of public health interventions that that can be used to prevent or treat disease. After that you will learn about the development of the first vaccine, how vaccines work to prevent infection, and the impact that vaccination has had on the prevention of disease worldwide. After that, you will learn about how vaccination can provide protection to everyone, even the unvaccinated, in the population through "herd immunity" and how we can use the structure of social networks within populations to more efficiently achieve this herd protection. Finally we'll learn about how individuals choices about whether or not to get vaccinated can lead to impacts across the whole of the population.

Introduction to Control3:49

Discovery of the First Vaccine3:41

Global Impact of Vaccination6:54

Conheça os instrutores

Dr. Ottar N. Bjornstad
Professor of Entomology and Biology
Department of Biology
Dr. Rachel A. Smith
Associate Professor
Department of Communication Arts & Sciences and Human Development & Family Studies
Dr. Mary L. Poss
Professor of Biology
Department of Biology
Dr. David P. Hughes
Assistant Professor of Entomology and Biology
Department of Biology
Dr. Peter Hudson
Willaman Professor of Biology
Department of Biology
Dr. Matthew Ferrari
Assistant Professor of Biology
Department of Biology
Dr. Andrew Read
Alumni Professor in the Biological Sciences, and Professor of Entomology
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics
Dr. Marcel Salathé
Assistant Professor of Biology
Department of Biology

A considerable effort goes into understanding the

biology and dynamics of infections, immunity, and disease.

This is true for a given person and for the overall population.

A parallel effort goes into understanding how to control existing infectious agents.

This video introduces control, which will be detailed in other videos.

To start, control efforts appear in two broad forms, prevention and treatment.

Prevention and treatment efforts can happen

at both the individual and population level.

We'll start at the individual level.

Prevention efforts fall into two categories, efforts to avoid contracting

infectious agents and efforts to avoid further spread of an agent.

Effective prevention depends on a strong understanding of

the transmission dynamics of a particular infectious agent.

For example, people get

malaria from mosquito bites.

To prevent malaria, people need to engage in actions that reduce

mosquito bites, such as sleeping under nets or using bug sprays.

If the infectious agent is spread through a different means,

such as fecal oral transmission, then hygiene and sanitation are important.

Hand washing, for example, is useful for preventing E.coli and Norovirus.

Treatment efforts can have many different goals.

To help the infected person to feel better, to cure

the infection, and to reduce the infection's ability to spread.

In reality, we often do not have the treatments

that can achieve all three of these goals simultaneously.

For example, some infections cannot be cured.

In other situations, some treatments that are

used to cure infections have uncomfortable side effects.

Let's turn our attention to the population efforts now.

At the population level, we can build structures, we can plan

communities, and we can put policies into place to facilitate prevention efforts.

For example, a community can decide to invest in building public bathrooms,

stocking them with cleaning supplies, sanitizing

them regularly and promoting hygiene behaviors.

We can also invest in the surveillance of

disease patterns and transmission dynamics and the sciences

needed to understand them.

We can also invest in sciences of behavior change, so

we can facilitate the public's engagement in prevention and treatment.

Even with good science behind prevention and

treatment recommendations, implementing them can be challenging.

For example, sometimes science leads to surprising recommendations, such as asking

medical professionals to intentionally infect a

patient in order to prevent disease.

This recommendation is the backbone of vaccination.

When science leads to recommendations that are not

well understood by a community, are not in existing

policies, or are not supported within current resource plans,

it can be very challenging to control an infection.

Some recommendations may not be popular because they

challenge personal freedoms, like travel restrictions; or population resources,

they are just too expensive to do.

For these reasons, successful control efforts are interdisciplinary.

They depend on biology, pathology, social science,

and epidemiology at minimum to do them well.

We need not only experts in completely different areas,

but experts working together to collaborate towards a goal.

In emerging epidemics, sometimes these teams have very little time to come

up with some answers.

The good news is that we're in an exciting

time in which interdisciplinary teams focused on controlling infectious

diseases, are coming together on a regular basis to

think through how to respond to serious health challenges.

This MOOC is a perfect example.

In the videos to come we provide more details about

what to consider in control efforts and how to respond.

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