[MUSIC] Hi, welcome again. In this session, we will talk about animal emotion. Do animals have emotions? We can, answer to this question, very clearly, yes, we have, several evidences that show us that the animals have emotions. And they are historical study and a lot of contemporary studies that can, justify this answer. From neuroscience, from etholo, ethological studies, from studies in urban environments from normal scenarios. There are, a lot of, of information that can justify this answer. But, you meet all at the same time, no, no be caught by the anthropo, anthropomorphism. When we look at this status, for example, when we look at dolphins, and, and there are a lot of people who really love dolphins. They love them because they're think that they are smiling, just because the structure of, of their head, is interpreted by our brain like like smiling face. And it happens because human beings suffer from Pareidolia. It's it's a psychological phenomena in which we try to, to classify things that we are watching. And we are always trying to find patterns similar to those patterns really more familiar with us, like human patterns. And the, the more usual patterns, of human beings, our faces, so we're always interpreting, things, as faces. It explains that, for example, in 2004, somebody paid, $28,000 for for those in which with some effort you can see the Virgin Mary. It's really strange to pay that, that sum of money, it's, it's, that, that, it's a coincidence, coincidence first, and second, it's our brain that, that reconstruct this image, it's not a real image. So, although it seems incredible, the structure that reminds the our emotional perception. For example, there is a, a researcher you know, how you call Martinez who has been making studies on how the structure of the face. Of the same face, or the same neutral face, can be interpre, interpreted as as a emotional laden face. For example you see here in this, in this, in this, pictures how in the a, it's a normal picture of a normal guy making a normal face. And if you just modify the, the, that distribution of, of the information in, in the, in those pictures. For example, in b and c pictures you, change the, this area and this area. Yeah, and this, the distance is between the point, specific, specific points in your, in your face. Really tying your face into a specific emotional face for example b and c changes of the original photograph. It's not a real guide, it's a guy modified just changing the photograph are perceived by observers like, angry faces. And finally sa, the d and e, photographs are perceived as sad faces and it's very, very incredible just we only looking at, at the nature at, at, at, at natural structures. We are, adding, on our internal conception of the meaning of these images. In this case, just because of, of the change of, of the face. This, also, was explained by, in, in another, in another sense, by Stephen Jay Gould. The great, biologist, and, and scientific, of plus scientific writer in a very nice book called The Panda's Thumb in which he, he's expressed very simple ideas. Just look at, at Walt Disney a films in which the good characters and the, the, the great heroes are, are very, growth to the child structure, and that have, have human child. For example big head, and big eyes, on the contrary, by a contrary, bad characters have small brain, a small heads, and small eyes. So, just looking at the, at the morphology of the, of the person, of the character that is entering into the scene, you can understand which is the good one and which is the bad one. So, not only animals have emotions but at the same time, animals have and dogs, in, in this case. This is a very very, close to us, and to the time research. Publishing current biology in 12 February, 2015, has been demonstrated that the dogs can discriminate emotional expression of human faces. Even of, of half card human faces so, we are, not only we are designed by natural evolution to understand our emotions. But even to the emotions, to similar clues that are, are performed by, by animals close to us, expressing things. Finally, what do they, what, what feel plants? They really feel pain? No, if you have interest in, in this topic, there is a very, very nice course in, in Coursera. By the Tel Aviv University what the plant knows, and all the things you didn't know about plant, in which this explain that, that plant have to make a lot of receptors. So they have sincerity to pleasure to movement, and they can have a spatial, understanding of what's happening. They have chemical reaction, interaction with the environment, they even perceive that the gravi, gravity. That the position of their body, they also make synchronization, movements, following being influenced by this grave. But they have no for example receptors so they can notice, feel the pain or, or just have a record of the pain. They are there and they have more basic interactions with the world, at the end, emotions, more complex emotions, add more ways to survive. And to process more carefully, a smaller amount of data. So, computing living entities receive information from several sources. At the same time some animals integrate them and, and feel some things about them. And they, therefore, are in, are indeed their, their actions following this, this this feelings. And finally humans relate emotions to evolutionary clues that are very close to facial structure, body shape, and other kind of informational inputs. Thank you so much, Hope to see you in the next week. In the next session, in a week.
