[MUSIC] I hope that this courses approach growing on social sciences and life sciences has help you understand different issues link to doping. One of the goals of this course was precisely to allow you to distance yourself from the spectacle oversimplified, moralizing, and often caricature depictions of doping, and to help you understand doping in all its complexity. On behalf of the anti team of teachers and sport professionals that collaborated to bring you this course, I hope that your understanding of these issues will be more objective and critical, and less stereotype and emotional. This analytical perspective has allowed us to see doping as a social norm that is sometimes quite arbitrary. Obviously, this arbitrariness can make us wonder about whether or not sports are exceptional in this respect. Let's take an example to illustrate this discrepancy between sports values and everyday social values. Whereas performance enhancing products are becoming more and more widespread in many societies, in sports, in terms of values, there is a strong desire to keep this field free from any substance use. Just think of growth hormones or estrogen and testosterone that are recommended to senior citizens in certain countries. But that of course remain absolutely forbidden in sports. One can also mention social drugs that are widely used such as cannabis. With doping, powers are extremely limited. It seems bizarre to sanction an outlet for having used a substance that is close to useless in terms of performance enhancement and that is widely used, albeit illegally by non-athletes. Consequently, there are a number of arguments that can make us question some of the norms that fight against doping imposes on athletes. Just because one can wonder how effective this measure really are and because of the moral issues they raise because they are out of sync with the way society has evolved. And what about so called human enhancement, this tendency to want to improve human performances, be they physical, cognitive, by using technology, surgery, or substances? Society produces a variety of techniques aimed at improving human performances especially when it comes to aging and sports would like to remain independent from these influences. Sports are part of society. This is why there are people who think that substance use and performance enhancing techniques should be allowed in sports. For practical reasons, because it's hard to imagine that these techniques will not spread to the realm of sports, but also because of methods in drug abuse prevention that have proved efficient. The idea is to limit the risk taken by athletes by offering medical supervision of athletes who would like to use these substances. These debates are important and interesting because dealing with the issue of doping is often highly emotional. This discussion are sometimes avoided but they are necessary and they're a discussion we must have. Reasoning based on social and science research gives us good reasons to question the transposition of drug abuse prevention methods to doping. Many sociologists including Erving Goffman have shown that the actions and interactions of individuals take on very different meaning depending on the context they take place in. This is why it is difficult to compare drug addiction and doping on many levels. Of course there are similarities, remember the body builders we analyzed in the first model, he said he did not choose to use substances before taking a body building. It happens as part of the process in their careers in which what they gym normal is alternate. This is not very different from the cannabis consumers that who are analyze. But you cannot compress a social framework of sport and that of social drug. Taking drugs when you are not an athlete cost money and has very few symbolic benefits. Whereas substance using athletes can hope to gain recognition for their performances, keep their jobs, or better yet become famous and earn money. Or the rising substance use even if medical is supervised but of course change performance production norms, and substances would become an obligation for people interested in winning competitions. Moreover, this would underplay course arise in high risk product takes permutation on athletes, which is not acceptable either. I hope that in mentioning some of these issues you will have become aware of the cultural dimensions of doping. I also hope that you will have grasped that crucial changes have effects on sports and its norms. This was one of the objectives of this course. The institutions, the people and the methods of fighting against doping are particularly concerned with this cultural changes. Think scientific practices, such as the pharmaceutical industry, for example that are completely transforming the body and its limits. Some are already talking about transhumanism to describe the effect of the bodies by science and technology. To understand the way doping prevention and testing are organized which was also one of the objectives of the course, it is necessary to situate these practices within the framework of the transformations that the world of sport has to deal with. I said so in the beginning these issues are fascinating because they raise social, cultural, biological, medical, ethical questions, as well as many others. But of course, this subject is far from having been entirely covered. This course aim to provide you with some reference points concerning doping but they encourage you to complete your knowledge by taking a look at the bibliography of the course. You will find references that will help you to dealth deeper into points you will like to understand better. We are very happy we could share this fascinating subject with you, and we really hope you enjoyed it. Thank you for watching. [MUSIC]