General Conclusion

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Do curso por University of Lausanne

Doping : Sports, Organizations and Sciences

130 ratings

University of Lausanne

Doping : Sports, Organizations and Sciences

130 ratings

The objective of this course is to encourage a critical understanding of doping. To achieve this goal, this course will rely on a multidisciplinary approach that allow you to see how different disciplines get into a single object, in different perspectives and in often complementary ways. This approach will also allow us to appreciate the complexity of a subject like doping. Doping in sports is a complex practice whose definition and identification is the result of socially and historically constructed norms. This course offers to shed light on the processes that led to the use and prohibition of doping substances. Performance enhancement or physical transformation are two aspects of doping which are seen as problematic, yet even as we speak companies are making fortunes selling body improvement and other forms of “human enhancement” to us. These apparent contradictions will be analysed to show that beyond sanitary questions, doping raises many social, scientific and legal issues. In efforts to control doping, governments and sports authorities have put into place institutions responsible for defining what falls into the category of doping, but also what prevention, repressions and research methods to put into effect. This course will also explore biological control measures such as the biological passport, key legal dimensions, organisations that produce performance, as well as the sociological dimensions of doping. Besides the Professors of University of Lausanne, the best experts of doping are involved in this course: experts from an Anti-doping Laboratory (LAD- Lausanne-Switzerland), from the CAS (Court of Arbitration for Sport), from the UEFA (soccer), and from the WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency). Teaser: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20Q3eR_g7rU Main Learning Outcomes At the end of the course the participants will be able to : 1. Identify the “cultural” dimension of doping, that is as a historical practice linked to the transformation of social norms, 2. Go from a binary way of thinking - for or against doping - to an understanding of the complexity of this phenomenon which is biological, psychological and sociological, all at the same time, 3. Recognize the institutions, the actors and the practices of the fight against doping, 4. Explain how the social and organisational context influences individuals decisions and how this influence can be reduced by effective prevention measures, 5. Identify how the fight against doping is led and how testing is carried out.

Na lição

Module 4 - Bioanalytical and forensic approaches to doping

Module four presents bioanalytical and forensic substance detection and analysis methods. It is made up of 4 interviews carried out with doping experts from the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis (LAD) in Lausanne (Switzerland), that will explain: - how bioanalyses are carried out (Norbert Baume, head scientist at the LAD); - how the biological passport works (Neil Robinson, head scientist at the LAD); - forensic approaches to doping (François Marclay, research scientist at the LAD); - atypical analysis results and the evolution of the future of the fight against doping (Martial Saugy, director of the LAD).

Introduction to Module 42:47

1- How accredited laboratories work and how bioanalyses are carried out21:13

2- The biological passport and longitudinal approaches23:41

3-ADAMS -Web-base database management system4:45

4- The forensic approach to doping21:59

5- Atypical analysis results and the future of the fight against doping31:34

Conclusion of Module 41:59

General Conclusion7:17

Conheça os instrutores

Fabien Ohl
Professor of Sociology of Sports / Professeur en Sociologie du Sport
Faculté des Sciences Sociales et Politiques (SSP)

[MUSIC]

I hope that this courses approach growing on social sciences and

life sciences has help you understand different issues link to doping.

One of the goals of this course was precisely to allow you to distance

yourself from the spectacle oversimplified,

moralizing, and often caricature depictions of doping,

and to help you understand doping in all its complexity.

On behalf of the anti team of teachers and sport professionals that collaborated

to bring you this course, I hope that your understanding of these issues will

be more objective and critical, and less stereotype and emotional.

This analytical perspective has allowed us to see doping

as a social norm that is sometimes quite arbitrary.

Obviously, this arbitrariness can make us wonder about whether or

not sports are exceptional in this respect.

Let's take an example to illustrate this discrepancy between sports values and

everyday social values.

Whereas performance enhancing products are becoming more and

more widespread in many societies, in sports, in terms of values,

there is a strong desire to keep this field free from any substance use.

Just think of growth hormones or estrogen and

testosterone that are recommended to senior citizens in certain countries.

But that of course remain absolutely forbidden in sports.

One can also mention social drugs that are widely used such as cannabis.

With doping, powers are extremely limited.

It seems bizarre to sanction an outlet for having used

a substance that is close to useless in terms of performance enhancement and

that is widely used, albeit illegally by non-athletes.

Consequently, there are a number of arguments that can make us question

some of the norms that fight against doping imposes on athletes.

Just because one can wonder how effective this measure really are and

because of the moral issues they raise

because they are out of sync with the way society has evolved.

And what about so called human enhancement,

this tendency to want to improve human performances, be they physical,

cognitive, by using technology, surgery, or substances?

Society produces a variety of techniques aimed at improving human

performances especially when it comes to aging and

sports would like to remain independent from these influences.

Sports are part of society.

This is why there are people who think that substance use and

performance enhancing techniques should be allowed in sports.

For practical reasons, because it's hard to imagine that these techniques will

not spread to the realm of sports, but

also because of methods in drug abuse prevention that have proved efficient.

The idea is to limit the risk taken by athletes by offering medical supervision

of athletes who would like to use these substances.

These debates are important and

interesting because dealing with the issue of doping is often highly emotional.

This discussion are sometimes avoided but

they are necessary and they're a discussion we must have.

Reasoning based on social and science research gives us good reasons to question

the transposition of drug abuse prevention methods to doping.

Many sociologists including Erving Goffman have shown that the actions and

interactions of individuals take on very different meaning depending on the context

they take place in.

This is why it is difficult to compare drug addiction and doping on many levels.

Of course there are similarities,

remember the body builders we analyzed in the first model,

he said he did not choose to use substances before taking a body building.

It happens as part of the process in their

careers in which what they gym normal is alternate.

This is not very different from the cannabis consumers that who are analyze.

But you cannot compress a social framework of sport and that of social drug.

Taking drugs when you are not an athlete cost money and

has very few symbolic benefits.

Whereas substance using athletes can hope to gain recognition for

their performances, keep their jobs, or better yet become famous and earn money.

Or the rising substance use even if medical is supervised but

of course change performance production norms, and

substances would become an obligation for people interested in winning competitions.

Moreover, this would underplay course arise in high risk product takes

permutation on athletes, which is not acceptable either.

I hope that in mentioning some of these issues

you will have become aware of the cultural dimensions of doping.

I also hope that you will have grasped that

crucial changes have effects on sports and its norms.

This was one of the objectives of this course.

The institutions, the people and the methods of fighting against doping

are particularly concerned with this cultural changes.

Think scientific practices, such as the pharmaceutical industry, for

example that are completely transforming the body and its limits.

Some are already talking about transhumanism

to describe the effect of the bodies by science and technology.

To understand the way doping prevention and

testing are organized which was also one of the objectives of the course,

it is necessary to situate these practices within the framework

of the transformations that the world of sport has to deal with.

I said so in the beginning these issues are fascinating because they raise social,

cultural, biological, medical, ethical questions, as well as many others.

But of course, this subject is far from having been entirely covered.

This course aim to provide you with some reference points concerning doping but

they encourage you to complete your knowledge by taking a look

at the bibliography of the course.

You will find references that will help you to dealth deeper into

points you will like to understand better.

We are very happy we could share this fascinating subject with you, and

we really hope you enjoyed it.

Thank you for watching.

[MUSIC]

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