DNA and Sequencing

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Do curso por The University of Edinburgh

Data Science in Stratified Healthcare and Precision Medicine

14 ratings

The University of Edinburgh

Data Science in Stratified Healthcare and Precision Medicine

14 ratings

An increasing volume of data is becoming available in biomedicine and healthcare, from genomic data, to electronic patient records and data collected by wearable devices. Recent advances in data science are transforming the life sciences, leading to precision medicine and stratified healthcare. In this course, you will learn about some of the different types of data and computational methods involved in stratified healthcare and precision medicine. You will have a hands-on experience of working with such data. And you will learn from leaders in the field about successful case studies. Topics include: (i) Sequence Processing, (ii) Image Analysis, (iii) Network Modelling, (iv) Probabilistic Modelling, (v) Machine Learning, (vi) Natural Language Processing, (vii) Process Modelling and (viii) Graph Data. Watch the course promo video here: http://edin.ac/2pn350P

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WELCOME TO WEEK 2

This week you will be introduced to Sequence Processing and Medical Image Analysis. Explore the course materials to find out about recent advances in these areas and how they contribute to Precision Medicine!

Introduction1:49

DNA and Sequencing3:31

Modelling the Data3:10

Conheça os instrutores

Dr Areti Manataki
Teaching and Research Fellow
Centre for Medical Informatics
Dr Frances Wong
Data Science MOOC Project Lead
College of Science and Engineering

What is DNA? What does it look like,

and how is it sequenced?

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a large molecule

that contains genetic material that can be found in all living organisms.

Biological information is stored in DNA as a code made up of four chemical bases,

adenine A, guanine G,

cytosine C, and thymine T. The sequence of

these four bases encodes the information

available for building and maintaining an organism.

There are over three billion bases in human DNA

and is found in almost every cell in the human body.

DNA bases pair up with each other specifically A with T,

and C with G, to form units called base pairs.

Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule.

Together a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide.

Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands called a double helix.

The structure of the double helix looks like a ladder twisted into a spiral.

The base pairs form the ladder's rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules alternate

to form the vertical sides of the ladder, often referred to as a "sugar phosphate backbone".

The two strands of DNA run in

opposite directions to each other and are thus anti-parallel.

Therefore, the order of bases on one DNA strand, or

side of the ladder, determines the bases on the other side of the ladder.

Hence DNA sequences are usually written as if DNA were single stranded.

Scientists only need to sequence

one DNA strand in order to know the sequence of both strands.

Genome sequencing is a process of determining

the precise order of nucleotides or bases in a genome.

This means the order of A's, C's,

G's, and T's that make up an organism's DNA.

It is the order of these nucleotides along a single strand that forms a genetic code.

Today, genome or DNA sequencing is done by sequencing machines.

These machines are high-tech but cannot sequence the whole genome in one go.

Instead they sequence the DNA in short pieces around 150 letters long.

There are different methods and machines that can sequence genomes.

The first DNA sequencing technology called Sanger

sequencing uses a technique known as capillary electrophoresis,

which separates fragments of DNA by size and then

sequences them by detecting the final fluorescent base on each fragment.

This technology was a breakthrough,

and was used to sequence the DNA from the Human Genome Project.

It is a highly accurate method,

but it is time consuming and expensive.

Nowadays, we have the option of

a more rapid and lower cost technology

known as Next-Generation sequencing or high-throughput sequencing.

With this sequencing technology,

many strands of DNA can be sequenced in

parallel which significantly reduces the time from experiment to data.

However, this generates more data per instrument run,

meaning it will require larger data storage,

and the ability to analyze and manipulate larger data sets.

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