Critic of the international concentration

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Cultural and creative industries

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National Research University Higher School of Economics

Cultural and creative industries

4 classificações

Main objective of this course is to trace the development of the Cultural and Creative Industries as an idea and as concept and to identify the key points of changes within it in relations with contemporary digital connected world. Another important task of this course is to provide the deep understanding of the difference between cultural and symbolic meaning products (such as films, recorded music, book and periodicals, online media content etc) and other kind of goods. This course will help you to: - Identify main peculiarities of cultural and symbolic goods in their difference with other branches of economy in terms of production chain, risks, relationship between different stages of production. - Be able to analyze cultural products and symbolic goods from the organizational, economic, business model point of view. - Be able to invent new business models and analyze cultural products in terms of their productions risk. - Be able to analyze cultural policies and creative industries/clusters policies. Main prerequisite to this course is to be able to produce analytical texts in humanities. Normally the course addresses all students of master level interested in peculiarities of media and cultural economy and management. This course is strongly not recommended for those who: - Analyse any market or industry only in microeconomic terms (supply and demand, level of competitions etc). This course is not about market but about peculiarities of symbolic goods; - Try to interpret culture only in terms of marketing and management (i.e. culture is considered like a simple good to be sold to the consumer). This course considers it more broadly like a human agency to produce meanings of everyday life. That’s why cultural goods are different and can not be interpreted exclusively in terms of consuming and need more or less state support; - Try to interpret culture like pure “art” and consequently are absolutely not preoccupied by organizational aspect of its working. This course uses a large number of concepts coming from different fields of science: political economy of communications, cultural studies, sociology etc. Some aspects of the course are commented by known scholars in this field such as David Hesmondhalgh (University of Leeds), Phillipe Bouquillion (University Paris 13 Nord), Bernard Miege (Grenoble Alpes University).

Na lição

Concentration in the field of cultural industries

This week concerns concentration in cultural industries. We'll talk about the meaning of concentration processes for cultural industries. Also we'll trace the main changes in large media and cultural conglomerates.

Symbolic goods as hybrid goods5:32

Concentration as a threat to opinions’ diversity7:51

Economic science critic on the media concentration5:32

Political economy critic on the media concentration6:43

Critic of the international concentration7:27

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Iliya Kiria
Professor
Department of Media

Another particular field of the critic of

the concentration is the critic of the international concentration of media.

And of course, main critique is

turning around criticizing the American dominance in this field.

Because as we know,

main American media companies hire the same time,

global companies in the field of movies,

global television, telecommunication et cetera.

Of course, we can distinguish a few reasons of that.

First of all, United States represent the biggest interior market.

So, they have a lot of cash,

a lot of money, in order to invest into the global expansion.

Secondly, United States movie and especially movie sectors started to

penetrate the foreign markets just after

the World War 2 when the European film industry was very weak.

Then, the third point of view is that such penetration

was also part of The Truman's doctrine to

struggle against communism on the third territories.

So, it means that instead exporting ideology of communism,

you should export the ideology of,

I don't know, liberal market or something like this.

So, another one of the point of view we can find about

the reason of American dominance is the point of view that being multicultural country,

United States are able to produce media for different cultures.

Just because United States is a plural cultural country.

Another also point of view is that United States are the center of the global capitalism,

because it's hosting such organizations as International Monetary Foundation,

proliferator of WTO, et cetera,

owner of main reserve currency et cetera, et cetera.

And from this point of view,

it's simplifies for them, the market domination.

Of course, there are two views on such American domination or domination of, we'll say,

rich countries on media field or cultural industries field on

so-called poor countries or informationally poor countries et cetera.

First, you ease the view coming from

so-called MIT school but schoolers from different fields such as,

Ithiel de Sola Pool who is originally was from MIT or

Daniel Lerner is that idea that United States domination

could be considered as a modernization and

transformation of the traditionalist societies as well as

proliferation of the most democratic way of

life oriented toward economic growth et cetera.

So, the second they opposing you this so-called cultural imperialism idea,

the ideas of Herbert Schiller,

Armand Mattelart trying to understand

that United States domination could be considered as a process of

cultural colonization and hegemony

of capitalism as they opposed to the communism ideology et cetera.

If we'll take a look on modernization theory,

we can probably mention two main books.

It's the book by Daniel Lerner,

"Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the MiddleEast" where he's

studying the effect of the international radio broadcast especially Voice of America,

on our Middle East countries.

And he's trying to argue that the modernization is

a cultural process and from this point of view,

mass media are crucial in this process because

mass media are contributing to the participation.

So, the first stage is the urbanization.

Urbanization brings out the literacy.

Literacy, we'll say, affects the media production.

Field and Media Production increase the participation, political participation.

So these several linear model of

the development of each society from the point of view of Lerner.

The second approaches the or the same in the same, we'll say, theory,

is Ithiel de Sola Pool who was the scientist in MIT,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

He wrote the book, "Technologies of Freedom" where he's trying to represent

technological revolution as factor

which will completely destroy the borders between countries,

which will completely modernize,

we'll say, under modernized countries et cetera, et cetera.

So, here we can find some citation from the quotation from this book, 'Within nations,

the satellite carriers, microwave carriers,

and local carrier may be,

and in the United States almost certainly will be in the hands of separate organizations,

but they will interconnect.

So even the basic physical network will be a network of networks.

So, the idea of the globalization of any kind of communication.

Technologies, which finally, will

completely globalize the content delivered by such services."

The critical approach. The critical approach is based on the idea of

so-called cultural imperialism or an idea of

cultural domination argued by Herbert Schiller in his book,

"Mass Communication and American Empire" and the

second was the "Communication and Cultural Domination."

So, according to him,

the diffusion of American ideology incites such kind of films,

could be considered as

the particular ideology as the particular now liberal ideology which

is pointed out by so-called "free flow of

information" doctrine of the foreign policy in the United States.

And from this point of view,

the domination of United States media industry on global media markets

consequently make a high-pressure power on other markets et cetera.

And, for example, one of books which

illustrates such a broadsheet the critical essay of Armand Mattelart and Ariel Dorfman,

"How To Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology In The Disney Comic."

Just they say how the ideology of money,

ideology of individualism, ideology of the free competition et cetera, et cetera.

is pointed out in such kids' book as Disney comics et cetera, et cetera.

This is just one of example of such, we'll say,

imperialistic or cultural imperialism approach to the cultural industries.

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