Corporate Finance Essentials will enable you to understand key financial issues related to companies, investors, and the interaction between them in the capital markets. By the end of this course you should be able to understand most of what you read in the financial press and use the essential financial vocabulary of companies and finance professionals.
2. Introduction to the Net Present Value (NPV)
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Fundamentos de finanças corporativas
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Project Evaluation
In this session we will discuss how companies routinely decide whether or not to invest in projects. We will discuss the two tools most widely used for this purpose, NPV and IRR, and apply them to the evaluation of an investment opportunity.
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Javier EstradaProfessor of Financial Management
Department of Financial Management
[MUSIC]
Let's start with the NPV. The NPV has an expression.
I, I, I've been trying to stay away from expressions and
equations as much as we could.
Remember and it's important that you keep in mind once again,
that because our time in this course is very limited,
it's important that you keep in mind that each of these.
Sessions comes with a rating that you can do either before or after.
Typically, it's better to do it after.
In order to actually extend many of the formal content, the expulsions, and
the equations, we haven't actually covered here.
But they're covered in the readings.
And so it's important that you remember,
that after each session, there's going to be a reading.
And only after you do that rating you can go and work on the on the problem said
that will ask you to apply some of the concepts that we've been discussing here.
Now this is one exception, I do want to put there the expression for the NPV.
And not only because it is very important, but
also because we need to run a calculation.
And that calculation we can't really run unless we have the expression right in
front of us, as you're having there in your screen.
So on the left-hand side, we simply have the definition.
That we're going to calculate an NPV, that is, a net present value.
On the right-hand side,
we could have written what you see there in more than one way.
And by more than one way, I mostly think that, that you know.
We could have maybe used different notation.
The expression is more or less given.
So let's make a few comments to make sure that you understand what that
expression means.
Let's go to the first cashflow on the wrong, right-hand side.
That is CF0.
That is basically a, the first cashflow that because it happens today,
that's what the 0 means, that it's going to happen today.
You're not going to be discounting.
Remember what we discount are things that are going to happen in the future, and
we discount those things because a dollar that you receive one, two or
three years from now doesn't have the same value as a dollar you receive today.
So basically we can to apply that discounting.
In the complementary reading that comes with this session there's a little bit of
more discussion and a couple of examples that will help you
understand this whole idea of present value.
But for now and for our purposes it's a very basic idea that you know,
if I offer you what do you prefer a dollar today, or a dollar a year from today?
Or a dollar today, or
a dollar two years from today, the sooner you get that dollar the better.
Because the more you wait to get that dollar,
the more that that dollar will lose value to inflation.
And that's what we called before, losing purchasing power.
So we need to discount because of that reason.
The further away that dollar comes.
The higher the discount rate we need to apply.
Now, that first cashflow, not being discounted,
basically means that this is an amount of money that is related to today.
And I'm saying that it is related rather than it is positive or
negative simply because it doesn't have to be a negative cashflow.
Most people actually write a negative sign next to that C of 0,
and that basically means, well that's some sort of initial investment that we
need in order to start this particular project.
And that's typically the case, but it doesn't have to be the case.
You know, sometimes and you can think a typical example may be
executive education programs that are running business schools.
In those programs actually sometimes you first get the cashflows when people sign
up for the program.
And then you have to deliver and therefore bare the cost.
So it is not entirely clear and it doesn't have to be the case that
the first cashflow is negative, but more often than not, it is true that it is.
So if it makes you feel better and
you want to put a negative sign in top, in front of that cashflow.
And that is just fine, but for now just think of that as some sort of
initial investment that we need in order to get the project started.
Now, the other cashflows as you see,
all of them are discounted, and that DR is the discount rate.
We're going to get back to the discount rate later on.
For now, we could think of it as the cost of capital the company's cost of capital
and that is exactly what we've done before that is in sessions three and four.
We thought about and we calculated the cost of capital for Starbucks if you
remember, and we're going to go back to Starbucks a little bit later on.
Those cashflows as you see are being discounted by a discount rate, but
also notice that as we move from the left to the right that there's something that
increase and that is the power at which we raise 1 plus DR.
Well, what that means is that that discount factor is getting bigger and
bigger and bigger, and that is just a little technical way of saying what
we said before, that the further away the cashflow is in the future.
The higher the discount rate we're going to apply.
Second thing that is important about all the other cashflows that
are being discounted.
Remember, if the discount rate is the cost of capital, but if it's not,
it could be any discount rate.
That discount rate is always going to be positively related to risk and
that is an important thing to keep in mind,
because it tells you that everything else equal the riskier the project that
we evaluate, the higher that discount rate is going to be.
So everything else equal, if we were comparing two projects which
deliver the same cashflows, but one is riskier than the other, then the discount
rates we're going to be applying to the riskier ones are going to be higher.
And as you see in that expression, the net present value is going to be lower.
Third and final thing.
And this is probably the most important things about those about those cashflows.
And that is, all those are expected cashflows.
We wish that we knew those cashflows with certainty.
But in real life, we never know.
You know, we make investments, we have an expectation of what we're going to
get out of those investments, but any corporation, you know,
any corporation at any given point in time can only expect,
can never actually foresee exactly what those cashflows are going to be.
And here's, you know, something for you to keep in mind.
When you're evaluating a project, the throwing numbers into an NPV expression,
that's the very easy part.
You know, if I tell you,
let's evaluate this project as we'll do a few minutes from now.
And I'll give the expected cashflows and
I'll give you the discount rate, then throw in those numbers into excel and
coming up with a net present value that is not very difficult.
The difficult part in real life,
obviously, is to forecast, to foresee what those cashflows are going to be.
So, I, I didn't put an expected sign, when, you know, technically speaking,
I should have put an expectation before each of those cashflows from one to t but
I didn't want to over complicate, unnecessarily the expression.
But remember that anything that comes in the future cashflows one to all the way to
t where t is any number, it could be five years,
ten years, 15 years, whatever you think is the length of this project,
whatever you think is the number of periods from where you can foresee.
What the cashflows are going to be.
During all these periods these cashflows are simply going to be expected.
And of course, the real key of evaluating a project,
that the more accurate you are in forecasting those cashflows,
the better investment decisions you're going to make.
And here, you know, in finance we can't help you a whole lot.
Knowing a company, knowing the sector,
knowing how the economy's going to evolve might actually give you an edge.
In forecasting cashflows compared to a financial expert that doesn't know this
company, this industry or how the economy is going to, to perform.
All right?
So that's it for the expected cashflows.
[MUSIC]
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