7.05 Significance test and confidence interval

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Do curso por University of Amsterdam

Basic Statistics

1707 classificações

University of Amsterdam

Basic Statistics

1707 classificações

Curso 3 de 5 em Specialization Métodos e Estatística Aplicados às Ciências Sociais

Understanding statistics is essential to understand research in the social and behavioral sciences. In this course you will learn the basics of statistics; not just how to calculate them, but also how to evaluate them. This course will also prepare you for the next course in the specialization - the course Inferential Statistics. In the first part of the course we will discuss methods of descriptive statistics. You will learn what cases and variables are and how you can compute measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode) and dispersion (standard deviation and variance). Next, we discuss how to assess relationships between variables, and we introduce the concepts correlation and regression. The second part of the course is concerned with the basics of probability: calculating probabilities, probability distributions and sampling distributions. You need to know about these things in order to understand how inferential statistics work. The third part of the course consists of an introduction to methods of inferential statistics - methods that help us decide whether the patterns we see in our data are strong enough to draw conclusions about the underlying population we are interested in. We will discuss confidence intervals and significance tests. You will not only learn about all these statistical concepts, you will also be trained to calculate and generate these statistics yourself using freely available statistical software.

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Significance Tests

In this module we’ll talk about statistical hypotheses. They form the main ingredients of the method of significance testing. An hypothesis is nothing more than an expectation about a population. When we conduct a significance test, we use (just like when we construct a confidence interval) sample data to draw inferences about population parameters. The significance test is, therefore, also a method of inferential statistics. We’ll show that each significance test is based on two hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. When you do a significance test, you assume that the null hypothesis is true unless your data provide strong evidence against it. We’ll show you how you can conduct a significance test about a mean and how you can conduct a test about a proportion. We’ll also demonstrate that significance tests and confidence intervals are closely related. We conclude the module by arguing that you can make right and wrong decisions while doing a test. Wrong decisions are referred to as Type I and Type II errors.

7.04 Step-by-step plan7:11

7.05 Significance test and confidence interval4:43

Conheça os instrutores

Matthijs Rooduijn
Dr.
Department of Political Science
Emiel van Loon
Assistant Professor
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics

Suppose you've asked a simple random sample of 500 certified scuba divers

how many hours of diving experience they have.

The mean diving experience is 36 hours.

The standard deviation is 8 hours.

The sample distribution of the variable hours of diving experience is

approximately normal.

Based on this sample information,

you want to draw inferences about population parameter mu.

This is what we call inferential statistics.

Based on sample information,

we draw conclusions about the population from which the same is drawn.

There are two methods of inferential statistics.

One, inference about interval estimation by means of confidence intervals.

And two, inference about point estimation using significance tests.

In this video, I will show you that these methods are closely related.

Suppose that you expect that the mean number of diving hours of certified scuba

divers differs from 35, and that you're going to do a significance test.

We're interested in the mean, so these are our statistical hypotheses.

The null hypothesis is mu equals 35 and the alternative hypothesis is

mu does not equal 35.

Our assumptions are met.

Our analysis is based on a simple random sample and we're dealing with

a large sample, which is, moreover, also approximately normally distributed.

Our test statistic equals 36 minus 35 divided by 8 divided by the square root of 500.

That equals 2.80.

The sampling distribution looks like this.

And we can find in the t table the critical value corresponding to

a two-tailed test with a significance level of 0.05 is 1.984.

So this is the rejection region.

Our test statistic is located within the rejection region.

So we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the mean

number of diving hours of certified scuba divers indeed differs from 35.

Now, what happens if we construct a 95% confidence interval?

This is the formula we employ.

The sample mean, plus and minus the t-score for the 95% confidence level,

times the standard error.

Which equals the standard deviation divided by the square root of

the sample size.

The relevant t-score is 1.984, which leads to the following equation.

36 plus and minus 1.984 multiplied with 8 divided by the square root of 500.

The lower endpoint then is 35.29.

The higher endpoint is 36.71.

We can thus be confident that with repeated sampling,

this interval would contain the actual population mean 95% of the time.

The interval gives us a range of plausible values for the population mean.

Just like the significance test,

this confidence interval suggests that the population mean differs from 35.

In general, the results of a two-tail significance tests are in

line with conclusions coming from a confidence interval.

More specifically, if the p-value in a two-tailed significance test is equal

to or smaller than 0.05,

a 95% confidence interval does not contain the null hypothesis value.

Similarly if the p-value in a two-tailed test is larger than 0.05,

then the 95% confidence interval will contain the null hypothesis value.

This makes sense, right?

The null hypothesis value is a plausible value, so

we shouldn't reject the null hypothesis.

This is represented in this figure.

You can see that the observed value of 36 is located within the rejection region.

And that the confidence interval does not contain the null hypothesis

population mean.

Now suppose the observed mean is 35.5 instead of 36.

In that case, our test statistic becomes 1.40.

In this case, our test statistic does not fall within the rejection area.

We therefore do not reject the null hypothesis.

Similarly, the new confidence interval, with the endpoints 34.79 and

36.21, does contain the null hypothesis mean of 35.

We can be confident that with repeated sampling,

the interval will contain the actual population mean 95% of the time.

This means that the null hypothesis value of 35 is a plausible value,

and that we should not reject the null hypothesis.

This means that although the approach of constructing a confidence

interval and the approach of two-tailed hypothesis testing seem very different,

they're mathematically related, and are consistent with each other.

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