O que é a Memória de Longa Duração?

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Do curso por McMaster University

Aprendendo a aprender: ferramentas mentais poderosas para ajudá-lo a dominar assuntos difíceis (em Português) [Learning How to Learn]

2090 ratings

McMaster University

Aprendendo a aprender: ferramentas mentais poderosas para ajudá-lo a dominar assuntos difíceis (em Português) [Learning How to Learn]

2090 ratings

Este curso dá-lhe acesso fácil a técnicas de aprendizagem de valor inestimável, usadas por especialistas em Arte, Música, Literatura, Matemática, Ciência, Esportes e muitas outras disciplinas. Vamos aprender sobre a forma como o cérebro usa dois modos de aprendizagem muito diferentes e como ele encapsula (em "pedaços") informações. Também vamos falar sobre ilusões de aprendizagem, técnicas de memória, lidar com a procrastinação, e as melhores práticas apresentadas pela investigação a ser mais eficaz em o ajudar a dominar assuntos difíceis. Usando essas abordagens, não importa os seus níveis de habilidade em tópicos que você gostaria de dominar, você pode mudar o seu pensamento e mudar sua vida. Se você já é um especialista, essa "espiada embaixo do capô" lhe dará ideias para turbinar sua aprendizagem de forma bem sucedida, incluindo dicas contra intuitivas para realização de testes, que lhe ajudarão a fazer o melhor uso do seu tempo em deveres de casa e situações de problemas. Se estiver com dificuldades, você verá um tesouro estruturado de técnicas práticas que lhe mostrarão o que precisa fazer para entrar nos trilhos. Se você já quis melhorar em qualquer coisa, este curso vai servir como um guia. This is a translated version. To join the original English version, visit this page: https://www.coursera.org/learn/learning-how-to-learn Este curso está disponível também em Espanhol. Para entrar na versão completamente traduzida, visite esta página: https://www.coursera.org/learn/aprendiendo-a-aprender⏎ Este curso está disponível também em Chinês. Para entrar na versão completamente traduzida, visite esta página: https://www.coursera.org/learn/ruhe-xuexi

Na lição

Adiamento e Memória

Neste módulo, falaremos sobre duas ideias intimamente conectadas — procrastinação ou adiamento e memória. Construir blocos de memória sólidos de longa duração — blocos de memória que são facilmente acessíveis à memória de curto prazo — leva tempo. É por isso que aprender a lidar com a procrastinação é tão importante. Finalmente, falaremos sobre algumas das melhores maneiras para acessar os mais poderosos sistemas de memória de longo prazo do seu cérebro.

Mergulhando Fundo na Memória6:33

O que é a Memória de Longa Duração?5:02

Criando Grupos Significativos e a Técnica do Palácio de Memória6:28

Resumindo a Memória3:00

Conheça os instrutores

Dr. Barbara Oakley
Ramón y Cajal Distinguished Scholar of Global Digital Learning, McMaster University
Professor of Engineering, Industrial & Systems Engineering, Oakland University
Dr. Terrence Sejnowski
Francis Crick Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies
Computational Neurobiology Laboratory
Manuel Ataíde

Welcome back to Learning How to Learn.

What would it be like if you couldn't learn new things, you would not

be able to remember new people you met, or remember what you were told?

This actually happened to a famous patient in the annals of memory

research whose initials were HM.

At the age of 27, HM had an operation for

epilepsy that took out his hippocampus on both sides of his brain.

The hippocampus has a shape of a seahorse and is named from the Greek hippos,

meaning horse and kampos, meaning sea monster.

The operation was a success.

The epilepsy was cured but the price was steep.

HM could no longer remember new things.

He had become profoundly amnesic.

Curiously, you could have a normal conversation with HM, but if you left

the room for a few minutes, he could not remember you or what you had discussed.

In the film Memento,

the character played by Guy Pearce had this form of amnesia from a concussion.

Note that he tattooed his body with messages, so

that he would not forget what he had to do.

HM could learn other things,

like a new motor skill, but he could not remember having learned it.

There are multiple memory systems for different types of learning.

From the studying HM and animals with similar operations,

we have learned that the hippocampus is important part of a brain system for

learning and memory of facts and events.

Without the hippocampus and its inputs, it is not possible to store new memories in

the cortex, a process called memory consolidation that can take many years.

HM could remember things from his childhood but

he had trouble remembering things that had occurred in the years just before his

operation, things that had not yet become fully consolidated.

Something similar happens when you have a bad concussion but

this usually resolves, unlike HM who never improved.

Memories are not fixed but

living, breathing parts of your brain that are changing all of the time.

Whenever you recall a memory, it changes, a process called, reconsolidation.

It is even possible to implant false memories,

which are indistinguishable from real ones by simply suggesting and

imagining, especially in children who have vivid imaginations.

Here is a summary.

The green process of consolidation takes the brain state in active memory and

stores it in long term memory by modifying synapses on the dendrites of neurons.

These long term memories can remain dormant for a long time until the memory

is retrieved and reinstated, by the red process, in short term working memory.

The reinstated memory is in a new context, which can itself be transferred to

long term memory, thereby, altering the old memory though reconsolidation.

Our memories are intertwined with each other.

As we learn new things, our old memories also change.

Like consolidation, reconsolidation also occurs during sleep.

This is why it is more effective to space learning over time,

rather than mass learning all at once.

If you want to study something for an hour, you will retain it longer if

you spend 10 minutes each month over a semester than an hour on one day.

In contrast, if you wait until the day before an exam to cram the material,

you may be able to retrieve for

the next day on the exam but it will quickly fade from memory.

In addition to neurons,

brains have several types of supporting cells called glial cells.

The astrocyte is the most abundant glial cell in the human brain.

Astrocytes provide nutrients to neurons,

maintain extra cellular ion balance, and are involved with repair following injury.

In this photo of the cortex, the astrocytes are staying green and

the neurons are blue.

The intricate arms of the astrocytes wrap around the neurons,

each embracing thousands of synapses.

A recent experiment suggest that these astrocytes may

also have an important role in learning.

When human astrocytes were put into mouse brains, the humanized mice learned faster.

Interestingly, when Einstein's brain was examined to find out what made him so

awesomely creative, the only difference that could be

found was that he had many more astrocytes than the average human.

Could astrocytes be the key to understanding human intelligence.

Well, the more we learn about the brain, the more may we have to rethink learning.

I'm Terry Sejnowski.

Happy learning, until we meet again.

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